Partial list of university members assassinated or disappeared in Guatemala, 1944 to 1996
Victims at the time of their deaths were active members of a Guatemalan university—as students, faculty or workers—or were from foreign universities but were killed or disappeared in Guatemala. A few may have left academic life shortly before their deaths, but were identified with a university in press or archival sources. Unless otherwise specified, events took place in Guatemala City and the victim was associated with the University of San Carlos at its central campus in the capital.
It is possible that some of the people listed as disappeared or kidnapped later turned up alive; the author has attempted to check each case and minimize such inclusions. Some of the listed victims were members of a guerrilla organization; not included in this list are cases of student militants killed in combat as these do not represent assassinations per se.
Most of the dead or disappeared were victims of state violence, though it is often difficult to provide concrete evidence of who perpetrated individual crimes. Few cases appear to be the work of anyone but the security forces or the paramilitary groups under their control. Acts of violence which may have been committed by students or armed rebels include the killings of Mario Dary Rivera (15 December 1981) and Leonel Carillo Reeves (25 November 1983).
1956:
25 June 1956, during a protest march, four San Carlos students are shot dead in downtown Guatemala City by police and army units. Three of the victims were elected student leaders heading the march: Law student Salvador Orozco, Alvaro Castillo Urrutia of Economics and Julio Juárez of Medicine. The other University victim was Economics student Julio Acevedo. High school student Ricardo Carrillo Luna also died in the massacre (plaque at the massacre site; Azmitia Jiménez 1976: 265).
1962:
13 March 1962 police kill Marco Antonio Gutiérrez Flores, Economics student and member of the Patriotic Workers' Youth (JPT), during street fighting and shortly after students attacked a police agent in the Medical School (Alvarado 1975: 101; Azmitia Jiménez 1976).
16 March 1962 at Guatemala City's main cemetery the funeral procession of students killed during the week's mass protests meets a group mourning the death of a police officer killed during the disturbances. In the following clash nine people die, among them students and other mourners, though none are identified (Voz Informativa Universitaria 1977).
12 April 1962 during preparations for the Huelga de Dolores, a military police transport truck runs over Law student César Armando Funes Velásquez in front of the Law School building on Ninth Avenue in the city center. Moments later the truck's occupants machine-gun the door of the Faculty, killing Law students Noel Arturo López Toledo and Jorge Gálvez Galindo (Prensa Libre: 13 April 1962, plaque at the scene).
1965:
22 December 1965 San Carlos student Ricardo Berganza Bocalletti is captured during a round-up by judicial police in zone 10, during Operación Limpieza (Operation Clean-up), a program designed by U.S. public security adviser John Longan. The operation was a first step in U.S. efforts to train the Guatemalan government in the use of terror to fight the political opposition. Later, police dumped the body of Berganza Bocalletti into Lake Amatitlán (Comisión para el Esclarecimiento Histórico 1999: case 68).
1966:
In 1966 Economics student Carlos Enrique Fuentes Gutiérrez is killed (Economics Department archive).
Between 3 and 6 March 1966 police capture and kill over 28 militants of the Guatemalan Workers Party (PGT) and the November 13 Revolutionary Movement (MR-13). Among the victims are San Carlos students and Patriotic Workers' Youth members Umberto Pineda Aldana and Leonardo García Benavente, and San Carlos professors and PGT leaders Mario Silva Jonama and Víctor Manuel Gutiérrez Garbín. The latter was the secretary general of the PGT's central committee at the time of his death (Voz Informativa Universitaria, VI: 5; Comisión para el Esclarecimiento Histórico 1999: case 68; interviews)
In December 1966 university student leader Ricardo Martínez is disappeared by members of the security forces (Comisión para el Esclarecimiento Histórico 1999: case 740).
1967:
11 January 1967 Law student José Armando Alvarenga Porras is shot to death by armed men who ambushed a car he was driving in the center of the capital. The assailants stole the car and took away the body, kidnapped his wife and then released her later (El Gráfico: 12 January 1967).
3 June 1967 Rodolfo Aldana, leader of the AEU for the Social Christian Student Front (FESC), is disappeared (La Hora: 4 June 1967).
25 July 1967 army agents capture Oscar Raúl Blanco, Law student and FAR member, together with a group of 30 peasants. They were taken to army barracks in the capital, where another prisoner saw Blanco being tortured. Blanco never reappeared (Comisión para el Esclarecimiento Histórico 1999: case 670).
1 September 1967 presumed army members disappear Roberto Lizardo Izaguirre Girón, Economics student and accountant for a children's reformatory (Comisión para el Esclarecimiento Histórico 1999: case 426).
1968:
11 January 1968 the corpse of Rogelia Cruz Martínez, Architecture student, ex-Miss Guatemala and member of the JPT, is found beneath a bridge on the southern coast, bearing signs of torture and multiple rapes. The PGT avenged her death by ambushing two U.S. military advisers in Guatemala City. The army responded by assassinating Leonardo Castillo Johnson, PGT commander and Cruz's boyfriend (Alvarado 1975: 102; interviews).
16 March 1968 Veterinary Medicine student Hugo Leonel Villanueva Rosales is machine-gunned to death in zone 3. The unknown assailants also wound a nine year old boy (Prensa Libre: March 1968).
1970:
In June 1970 Economics professor Justo Rufino Cabrera is assassinated, part of a series of killings by the death squad Ojo por Ojo that took place in the days before the inauguration of Colonel Carlos Arana Osorio as President of the Republic (McClintock 1985: 98).
27 November 1970 Law professor Julio Camey Herrera is machine-gunned to death. Camey Herrera was a member of the University of San Carlos' Ad Hoc Commission of Jurists studying a contract between the government and the transnational mining company INCO/EXMIBAL. His death occurred on a busy city street near where several police cars were parked (Fuentes Mohr 1971: 202; interviews).
1971:
1973:In January 1971 Marco Antonio Leoni, student leader in the Humanities Faculty, is shot to death. His death occurred at the same time as the government's mass detention of 30 to 40 students in the capital accused of participating in the youth wing of the PGT (Comisión para el Esclarecimiento Histórico 1999: para. 4094).
13 January 1971 Oscar Adolfo Mijangos López, social democratic congressional deputy and Law professor, is machine-gunned by unknown assailants in downtown Guatemala City, in front of dozens of witnesses while his chauffeur attempted to move him from his wheelchair into his car. Like Julio Camey Herrera, he was a member of the University's Ad Hoc Commission of Jurists criticizing the contract between the government and the INCO/EXMIBAL mining concern (Fuentes Mohr 1971: 202-03; plaque at the assassination site).
13 January 1971 Humanities student leader and journalist Juan Luis Molina Loza is disappeared. When his mother maintained a long vigil in the capital's central plaza demanding that the authorities investigate the disappearance, authorities responded by detaining her and submitting her to a series of psychological tests. But her actions aided the formation of a group of the families of the disappeared (Cáceres 1980: 180; El Periódico 18 April 1999).
23 July 1971 the bullet-riddled bodies of Law student César Humberto Barillas Ojeda and labor adviser Fernando López Montiel are found in a ravine aside a highway leaving Guatemala City. The two men had been kidnapped 17 July (Prensa Libre: 24 July 1971).
20 September 1971 Manuel de Jesús Cordero Quezada, Economics student, noted student leader and PGT militant, is killed in his car while driving on the Calzada Roosevelt (El Imparcial: 21 September 1971; Aguilera Peralta 1981: 132; interview).
In 1973 the body of Medical student Jorge Luis Rodríguez Bracamonte is found on a football field in zone 7 of the capital, victim of a knifing. He was killed during that year's nationwide primary teachers' strike, a labor action in which he had participated (interview).
1974:
10 March 1974 Edmundo Guerra Theilheimer, director of the University of San Carlos' Bufete Popular is the victim of armed men who invade his office and shoot him dead, one of a series of killings by paramilitary groups in the days following presidential elections. He was also adviser to the Committee of the Family of the Disappeared, and only days before his death Guerra Theilheimer had spoken bluntly to the foreign press about the country's political situation (Amnesty International 1976: 6; Cáceres 1980: 201; McClintock 1985: 126; interview).
1975:
In 1975 San Carlos student Byron de León is disappeared, a year after he had been kidnapped and then released. He never reappeared after the second kidnapping (Amnesty International 1976).
21 June 1975 the body of Architecture student Jorge Eduardo Vargas Gil is found on a highway in Escuintla (Prensa Libre: 23 June 1975).
25 June 1975 Law student Luis Alfredo Castillo Vargas is shot dead while leaving a wedding in the Hotel Conquistador (Prensa Libre: 26 June 1975).
2 October 1975 San Carlos student Roberto Sáenz Cajas is shot dead while driving in zone 9 in the early morning hours (Prensa Libre: October 1975).
1976:
In 1976 Economics student Rolando Andrade Peña and San Carlos professor Alejandro Silva Falla are killed (Boletín de la Junta Directiva de la Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Sociales de la Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala: June 1977).
6 April 1976 Economics student José Luis Morales López is kidnapped while collecting funds for the Huelga de Dolores in the city center. His body later appears presenting bullet wounds (Prensa Libre: 6 April 1977).
11 June 1976 Law students Abraham Castellanos Rodríguez and Eriberto Luna Velásquez are shot to death by armed men who chased down the motorcycle on which they were riding. In addition to his student identification, Castellanos Rodríguez was carrying a card, dating from 1964, identifying him as an army specialist (Prensa Libre: June 1976).
8 July 1976 Carlos Enrique Ruano Herrarte, professor of Veterinary Medicine and chief food inspector for the public health ministry, is machine-gunned to death on the highway to Escuintla during a trip to investigate reported DDT contamination of meat on the southern coast (Prensa Libre: 9 July 1976; El Imparcial: 10 July 1976).
27 July 1976 San Carlos student Felix Augusto Orozco Mendizábal and two unidentified San Carlos students are shot to death when police raid a house in Ciudad Satelite, Mixco, where a clandestine group tied to the Guerrilla Army of the Poor (EGP) allegedly fabricated homemade bombs (El Imparcial: 28 July 1976 and 27 July 1977; interviews).
5 November 1976 the body of San Carlos student Carlos Roberto Samayoa is found; he had been kidnapped on October 21 (Prensa Libre: 6 November 1976).
1977:
1978:In 1977 Economics student Julio Sierra is killed (Economics Department archive).
4 January 1977 Law student Víctor Hugo Villatoro Gamorro is disappeared (Prensa Libre: 16 January 1977).
4 June 1977 Dentistry students Rudy Méndez Castillo and Patricia Rosales Godoy are kidnapped from a car on the Calzada Roosevelt. The bullet-riddled body of Méndez Castillo, 20, was dumped in an undeveloped area Ciudad San Cristobal, Mixco, near the capital. His girlfriend Rosales Godoy was thrown into a canyon but survived the incident (Prensa Libre: 10 June 1977; Boletín of la Junta Directiva of la Facultad of Ciencias Jurídicas and Sociales of la Universidad of San Carlos of Guatemala: June 1977).
8 June 1977 Law professor Mario René López Larrave is machine-gunned to death outside of his legal clinic in the capital. López Larrave was ex-dean of the Faculty of Juridical and Social Sciences, director of the Labor Orientation School, labor union adviser and member of the University Governing Board, and leftist pre-candidate for the University rector's office (Prensa Libre: 9 June 1977; El Gráfico: 9 June 1977; Boletín of la Junta Directiva of la Facultad of Ciencias Jurídicas and Sociales of la Universidad of San Carlos of Guatemala: June 1977).
In June 1977 History student Abilio Arturo Berganza Bocalletti is shot to death. The police claimed he was a member of the Rebel Armed Forces (FAR) and that he was killed during a frustrated kidnapping attempt in zone 11. His fellow students denounced the act as a political assassination. Soon after the killing the School of History was raided and that the only item that the invaders took was the records of the school's council of directors, of which Berganza Bocalletti was a student member (El Gráfico: 20 and 21 June 1977).
In June 1977 Mario René Castellanos de León, Law student and youth member of the Partido Revolucionario, and Jorge Mario Poggio Cabbarús, Engineering student, are disappeared (El Gráfico: 30 June and 9 August 1977; Cáceres 1980: 209; interviews).
19 July 1977 Floridalma Santizo González, 21, Medical student at the Centro Universitario de Occidente is shot to death on the streets of Quetzaltenango by Medardo Quiñónez Corado, an agent of the police's detective corps who was drunk at the time (Prensa Libre: 20 July 1977).
28 July 1977 Robin Mayro García Dávila, Agronomy student and former high school student activist, is kidnapped and disappeared along with Aníbal Leonel Caballeros Ramírez, student at the Commerce High School in Guatemala City. Caballeros' body was found two days later. On August 4 August the mutilated body of Robin García turns up by the side of the highway in Palín, Escuintla. Both were members of an urban youth group of the Guerrilla Army of the Poor (EGP) (El Gráfico: 5 August 1977; interviews).
20 July 1978 Mario Rolando Mujía Córdova is gravely wounded in his office at the National Workers' Central in (CNT) in Huehuetenango and dies on July 23 on the way to a hospital in the capital. His assassins were armed men who claimed to be acting in the name of Huehuetenango businessman Leopoldo Zuñiga, who in turn was killed by the FAR in 1979 after being absolved of legal responsibility in the case. An Agronomy student at the Centro Universitario de Nor-Occidente (CUNOROC) in Huehuetenango, Mujía founded the AEU at Huehuetenango San Carlos extension. He was also an important labor adviser in the region for the CNT and had helped miners from San Ildefenso Ixtahuacán in their historic 1977 strike (Siete Días en la USAC: 18 June 1979; Cuevas del Cid 1980: 66; Comisión para el Esclarecimiento Histórico 1999).
In 1978, CUNOROC Agronomy student Julio Vásquez Recinos is kidnapped shortly after the death of Mario Mujía Córdova, whom he had replaced as Huehuetenango representative of the CNT. According to a witness who provided testimony to Guatemala's Historical Clarification Commission, "They kidnapped comrade Julio Vásquez Recinos, who appeared 15 days later in the Río Selegua at the El Tapón bridge [in southern Huehuetenango], without testicles, without fingernails, without his right hand, and tied to another comrade who was never identified" (Comisión para el Esclarecimiento Histórico 1999; interview).
17 August 1978 San Carlos student Hugo Leonel Rivera Hernández is killed while parking his car on campus. Interior minister Donaldo Alvarez Ruiz claims that the death was a product of a dispute between different student factions (Amnesty International 1979b: 7).
5 September 1978 army members kidnap and rape María Eugenia Mendoza Rivas, student at the Centro Universitario de Nor-Occidente (CUNOROC) in Huehuetenango. Weeks after her release, the army kidnapped Mendoza again, raping and torturing her before killing her and then leaving her naked body on the streets of Huehuetenango. Mendoza worked on labor issues together with two other CUNOROC students who had previously been assassinated, Mario Mujía and Julio Vásquez (Amnesty International 1979b: 6; Comisión para el Esclarecimiento Histórico 1999: case 18145).
14 September 1978 Angel de Jesús Ico Jom, Economics student, school teacher and seminary student, is killed (Amnesty International 1979b: 8).
In October 1978, during massive street protests against a rise in bus fares, police kill Medical student Carlos Hernández, and possibly other university students (Amnesty International 1979b: 9).
20 October 1978 Oliverio Castañeda de León is chased down across the street from the capital's central plaza and shot dead by men in civilian dress using several vehicles, including some with government license plates, while dozens of police agents looked on impassively. A student of Economics, Castañeda was the secretary general of the University Students Association (AEU) and a member of the University Governing Board (CSU). He had just given the closing speech at the annual celebration of the anniversary of the October Revolution (Amnesty International 1979b: 9; Aguilera Peralta 1981: 137; Comisión para el Esclarecimiento Histórico 1999; interviews).
6 November 1978 Law student and JPT member Antonio Estuardo Ciani García is detained and disappeared. The AEU's secretary of organization, Ciani had replaced Oliverio Castañeda as leader of the AEU and representative to the University Governing Board (Siete Días en la USAC: 5 February 1979).
18 December 1978 Engineering student José Alfredo Yoc Cotzajay is shot dead near the University (Noticias de Guatemala 7: December 1978).
21 December 1978 University of San Carlos student Francisco Javier Fuentes Mejía is shot and then run over by a jeep when exiting the university campus. He died later in the hospital (data from Amnesty International).
1979:
In 1979 Economics student Joaquín Orellana is killed (Economics Department archive).
25 January 1979 Ricardo Martínez Solórzano, union leader, student activist and Law student, is killed (Siete Días en la USAC: 29 January 1979).
14 February 1979 Manuel Lisandro Andrade Roca is ambushed and killed while leaving an assembly of the College of Lawyers. A Law professor, he was assistant director of Labor Orientation School and secretary general of the University of San Carlos at the time of his death. In the late 1950s he helped form FUEGO, an important activist high school student group (Noticias de Guatemala: 15 February 1979; Siete Días en la USAC: 18 February 1980; Fundación para la Democracia Manuel Colom Argueta 1999: 11-13).
22 March 1979 security forces using several automobiles and a helicopter chase down and kill Manuel Colom Argueta, San Carlos Law professor and the founder of the University's Center of Urban and Regional Studies. Colom was mayor of Guatemala City from 1970 to 1974, former president of the Law Students Association, former member of the University Governing Board, and a leftist presidential hopeful (Aguilera Peralta and Romero Imery 1981: 137; Fundación para la Democracia Manuel Colom Argueta 1999: 31-34).
24 May 1979 Benvenuto Antonio Serrano, Economics student and labor leader of workers at the Bank of Guatemala, is killed (Siete Días en la USAC: 29 October 1979; interviews).
In June 1979 San Carlos student Rafael Estuardo Orellana Juárez is killed in zone 6 near the Belize Bridge (La Tarde: 10 June 1979).
12 September 1979 Sergio Marvin Monterroso Flores, student at the Centro Universitario de Sur-Occidente (CUNSUROC), in Mazatenango, is found dead after having been kidnapped (Siete Días en la USAC: 29 October 1979).
25 September 1979 Law student Nery Julián Castillo Rivera is kidnapped while leaving the police's second precinct headquarters where he had gone to visit a prisoner whom he was advising. Soon thereafter his mutilated body appeared. Castillo Rivera was also the general secretary of municipal employees. His name had appeared on the death list of the Secret Anticommunist Army (ESA), allegedly run by police chief German Chupina Barahona (La Tarde: 27 September 1979; Siete Días en la USAC: 1 October 1979; Dunkerley 1988).
20 October 1979 Julio César Cortez Mejía, Psychology student and a high school teacher, is forcibly disappeared from the San Carlos main campus by men driving a Ford Bronco similar to those used by the judicial police at the time. A leader of the AEU, the day of his disappearance Cortez Mejía was to have given the group's speech at the annual celebration of the October Revolution (the previous year the AEU's speaker, Oliverio Castañeda, was killed) (Siete Días en la USAC: 22 October and 29 October 1979; interviews).
28 December 1979 two medical students at the Centro Universitario de Occidente (CUNOC), Roberto Oliva García and Diógenes Morales Villagrán, together with brewery worker Julio Urízar Rodas, are kidnapped from a cafeteria near the Quetzaltenango military base moments after having been seen discussing the recent fire at the CUNOC with three men with short, military-style haircuts. According to witnesses the three men left and came back with others to kidnap the victims. The next day their bullet-riddled bodies were discovered, bearing signs of torture (Siete Días en la USAC: 10 March 1980; Guatemala 80).
1980:
In 1980 Gilberto Escribá is disappeared and Cándida Rosa del Valle and Mario Argueta are killed. All the victims were students of Economics. That same year Economics professors Rafael Morán and Julio Segura Trujillo are assassinated. Trujillo was secretary general of the AEU in 1967-68 and worked in the Guatemala City municipal administrations of progressives Manuel Colom Argueta and Leonel Plutarco Ponciano León (Economics Department archive).
5 January 1980 Byron Rolando Aguilar López, Economics student, former leader of the AEU and former Christian Democratic city council member in Guatemala City, is shot to death in the Hipódromo del Norte in zone 2 of the capital (Guatemala 80: 163; AAAS 1986: 43).
31 January 1980 police throw incendiary bombs into the Spanish Embassy during an occupation and then block the entry of firefighters, killing 37 occupants, including four student militants from the Robin García Revolutionary Student Front (FERG): Law students Sonia Magaly Welches Valdez, Leopoldo Pineda and Luis Antonio Ramírez Paz and Economics student Edgar Rodolfo Negreros Starube (El Gráfico: 1 February 1980; Guatemala 80: 87).
2 February 1980 masked students and union activists heading to the funeral of victims of the Spanish Embassy massacre are ambushed by members of the police's Comando Seis counter-insurgency squad in zone 1 of the capital. Two are shot to death: Law student and FERG member Jesús Alberto España Valle and Medical student, and former president of the Medical Students Association, Gustavo Adolfo Hernández González. Armed protesters in turn kill police officer Tránsito Sic Cuyán and wound the squad's chief, Pedro García Arredondo. During the incident police detained San Carlos students Liliana Negreros and Albertina Betty Ferrigno. On March 19 the body of Negreros was dug up from a clandestine mass grave in San Juan Comalapa, Chimaltenango, together with 17 other victims (Prensa Libre: 4 February 1980; Siete Días en la USAC: 24 March 1980; Amnesty International 1980a: 143; Guatemala 80: 179; Payeras 1981; AAAS 1986; Amnesty International 1980b: 1).
15 February 1980 San Carlos student Jaime Enrique Bonato Mérida is killed in the capital by unknown assailants (Guatemala 80).
20 February 1980 Medical student Rigoberto Sotz Cu is detained and later found dead (AAAS 1986: 43).
20 February 1980 Carlos Aníbal Ramírez Figueroa is disappeared, presumably by members of the judicial police, in Chiantla, Huehuetenango. The victim was a leader of the AEU at the Centro Universitario de Nor-Occidente (CUNOROC) (Comisión para el Esclarecimiento Histórico 1999: case 5329).
21 February 1980 two university students are shot to death in the community library of Barrio La Democracia, Chiquimula: Carlos Arnoldo López Nufio, student activist at the Centro Universitario de Oriente (CUNORI) and Mynor Cerón, of the private Rafael Landívar University. The shooting occurred just five days after soldiers from the Zacapa military base allegedly raided the CUNORI campus dressed as civilians and painted death threats on the walls (Siete Días en la USAC: 3 March 1980; Guatemala 80).
27 February 1980 Jorge Américo Girón Quintanilla, student at the private Francisco Marroquín University is ambushed in the capital and shot to death by men in two cars (Amnesty International 1980b: 4; AAAS 1986: 43).
27 February 1980 Julio César Cabrera y Cabrera, primary school teacher, Law student, leader of the AEU and the Law Students Association, is kidnapped. On March 1 his body appears with its head caved in. Cabrera was one of the few surviving leaders of the FRENTE party after the 1978 killings of Oliverio Castañeda and Antonio Ciani (Siete Días en la USAC: 10 March 1980; AAAS 1986; interviews).
In March or April 1980 San Carlos student Israel Ibañez and professor Federico Rodas were kidnapped or killed (Siete Días en la USAC: 5 May 1980).
1 March 1980 César Humberto Romero García, student of Dentistry and activist of the United Front of the Revolution (FUR), a leftist political party, is disappeared (Siete Días en la USAC: 10 March 1980; Guatemala 80).
2 March 1980 San Carlos student Marcos Gustavo Maldonado Rivera, 22, is kidnapped and killed the same day (Amnesty International 1980b: 4; AAAS 1986: 44).
5 March 1980 Engineering student René Alejandro Cotí López, 27, is kidnapped on one of the capital's busiest street corners, at 18th Street and 6th Avenue. The next day he is found dead on a highway leading out of town. He had been asphyxiated with Gamexán, an insecticide that the National Police often used on its torture victims. Cotí had served as president of the Engineering Students Association and as a member of the University Governing Board. In 1978 he was the FERG's candidate for secretary general of the AEU (Siete Días en la USAC: 10 March 1980; Guatemala 80; Amnesty International 1980a: 140; Amnesty International 1980b: 2; AAAS 1986; interviews).
5 March 1980 Jorge Everardo Jiménez Cajas, Law professor and former coordinator of the Division of Juridical and Social Sciences at the CUNOC, is shot and killed in Quetzaltenango by gunmen who enter his private law clinic. Jiménez Cajas, a legal adviser in the CUNOC Bufete Popular and a member of the clandestine Organization of the People in Arms (ORPA), was also the general secretary of the Quetzaltenango affiliate of the FUR political party (Siete Días en la USAC: 10 March 1980; Guatemala 80: 186; Fundación para la Democracia Manuel Colom Argueta 1999: 67).
5 March 1980 the tortured body of Political Science student Oscar García is found (Siete Días en la USAC: 28 April 1980).
7 March 1980 Economics student and unionist Rodolfo Palencia Ruíz is kidnapped. On 19 March his body is dug up, along with many other kidnap victims, from a mass grave in San Juan Comalapa, Chimaltenango (Siete Días en la USAC: 24 March 1980; Amnesty International 1980a: 143; AAAS 1986: 36).
7 March 1980 Medical student Oswaldo Basquiax Zepeda is detained and killed (AAAS 1986: 44).
8 March 1980 Law professor Axel Donaldo Corado Contreras is kidnapped. His tortured body is discovered on 10 March on a highway leading out of the capital (Siete Días en la USAC: 5 May 1980; Amnesty International 1980b: 4).
9 March 1980 San Carlos student Ismael Rivera Girón is shot to death in front of his house in zone 7 (AAAS 1986: 44).
10 March 1980 San Carlos student Víctor Ramírez Girón shot and knifed to death, in the presence of a number of witnesses, while waiting to take the bus to the University of San Carlos (Guatemala 80; AAAS 1986: 44).
20 March 1980 Javier Atilio Duque Sandoval and Roberto Sisniega Méndez, Law professors and partners in a private legal clinic, are shot to death when men on a motorcycle attack their car a block from the capital's central plaza. Sisniega Méndez was also a former student activist (Siete Días en la USAC: 24 March 1980; AAAS 1986; Amnesty International 1980b: 5).
22 March 1980 guerrillas allegedly kill police colonel Máximo Zepeda Martinez, responsible for the 1966 mass disappearance of the leaders of the PGT and leader of the paramilitary New Anticommunist Organization (NOA). Later that day armed men kidnap three leaders of the FRENTE student party from the San Carlos campus: Economics students Marco Tulio Pereira Vásquez and Julio César del Valle Cobar, and Medical student Iván Alfonso Bravo Soto. That same day their mutilated bodies were found in an undeveloped area of zone 16 of the capital, stuffed into a car bearing the legend "This is how all of those in the PGT will die." Death squads claimed the killing as a reprisal for the death of Zepeda Martínez. San Carlos student Raúl Antonio Payeras Morales, who apparently witnessed the incident, was left at the site gravely wounded and died on 24 March (Prensa Libre: 23 March 1980; Siete Días en la USAC: 24 March and 7 April 1980; Guatemala 80; Cáceres 1980: 180; AAAS 1986; interviews).
24 March 1980 Hugo Rolando Melgar y Melgar, professor of Law and the University of San Carlos' legal counsel, is machine-gunned to death, receiving 22 bullet wounds. His driver, chauffeur for the rector's office Fernando Cruz Juárez, is also killed in the incident (Guatemala 80; AAAS 1986).
26 March 1980 Julio Alfonso Figueroa Gálvez, professor of Economics and director of the San Carlos' Institute for Economic and Social Investigations (IIES), is shot to death while stopped at a red light on his way to the University, by men driving two motorcycles and a car. His wife, Psychology professor and poet, Margarita Carrillo, is wounded in the attack (Siete Días en la USAC: 7 April 1980).
1 April 1980 University of San Carlos student Edgar Ildefonso Maldonado is shot to death (AAAS 1986: 45).
8 April 1980 Marco Antonio Urízar Motta, Humanities student and high school teacher, is shot to death while walking with his nephew in a market in zone 12 of the capital. Urízar was also a member of the PGT's Patriotic Workers' Youth (JPT) and president of the Humanities Students Association (Guatemala 80: 180; AAAS 1986: 46).
9 April 1980 Law professor Johnny Dahinten Castillo is shot to death by two men on a motorcycle while leaving the funeral of Marco Antonio Urízar (see above). He was an adviser to the University's Bufete Popular, member of the Brotherhood of the Huelga de Dolores, legal adviser to various peasant organizations and a member of the commission studying the army's massacre at Panzós in 1978 (Siete Días en la USAC: 28 April 1980; Guatemala 80; Amnesty International 1980a: 141; Amnesty International 1980b: 5).
10 April 1980 University of San Carlos student Mario Roberto Toledo is chased and shot dead on a street in zone 5 of the capital (Siete Días en la USAC: 28 April 1980).
11 April 1980 Architecture professor Horacio Alberto Flores García is kidnapped when he arrives for an appointment to apply for a passport at the government's migration office. The same day the same trap was set for Engineering student Víctor Hugo Valdez. The next day the tortured bodies of both men appear inside of Flores García's pick-up truck, spray-painted with the message "This is how those of the PGT and the EGP begin and how they will end." Flores García was a member of the University's Planning Commission and coordinator of the University's Supervised Professional Practice, a program viewed suspiciously by the government (Siete Días en la USAC: 21 April 1980; Guatemala 80: 189).
21 April 1980 Psychology student Edgar Rolando Díaz Reyna is kidnapped (Guatemala 80; AAAS 1986: 28).
24 April 1980 University of San Carlos student Armando Antonio Morán Castillo is shot to death (AAAS 1986: 46).
25 April 1980 San Carlos student Juan Roberto Alvarado Franco is shot to death (AAAS 1986: 46).
1 May 1980 Psychology student and FERG militant Rafael Alfredo Urcuyo Orozco is gunned down in the Parque Centenario in the city center during festivities celebrating May Day, while another student is gravely wounded (Siete Días en la USAC: 5 May 1980; interviews).
19 May 1980 Architecture professor Otto Raúl Diemack Díaz is shot to death in his car while leaving the University. He was the son of an army colonel and himself a member of the State's security forces (Guatemala 80: 192; AAAS 1986).
20 May 1980 Law student Mario Antonio Medrano Menéndez is detained and his body is found a week later (La Tarde: 22 May 1980; AAAS 1986: 46).
20 May 1980 Psychology student Julio Gabriel Monterroso Alvarado is kidnapped; nine days later his strangled and bullet-riddled body appears (Guatemala 80; AAAS 1986: 46).
26 May 1980 Carlos René Recinos Sandoval, Law professor and adviser in the University's Bufete Popular, is machine-gunned to death in zone 1 of the capital. He had been the victim of threats and a grenade attack the month before (Acta de la Junta Directiva de la Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Sociales, 10 June 1980).
28 May 1980 Psychology professor Francisco Fernando Navarro Mejía is shot dead (AAAS 1986: 36).
Towards the end of May 1980 the body of Víctor Manuel García, student of Economics at the Centro Universitario de Occidente (CUNOC), is found in Quetzaltenango (AAAS 1986: 47).
In June 1980 Aníbal Reyes Pérez, Psychology student and Christian Democrat party activist, is disappeared in the capital (Comisión para el Esclarecimiento Histórico 1999: case 635).
6 June 1980 Psychology professors Edna Ibarra de Figueroa and her husband Carlos Humberto Figueroa Castro are machine-gunned to death (Guatemala 80; AAAS 1986).
6 June 1980 Law professor Rafael de Jesús Martínez Pérez is shot to death (AAAS 1986: 36).
9 June 1980 Carlos Humberto Figueroa Aguja, Law professor and member of the Bufete Popular, is shot to death along with his wife (Guatemala 80).
12 June 1980 Ranferí Octavio Neftalí Paredes, Law student and adviser in the University's Bufete Popular, is shot dead near his office (Guatemala 80; AAAS 1986: 47).
13 June 1980 José León Díaz Bermúdez, Medical student and member of a campus musical troupe, is shot dead near the University of San Carlos. Days before he had helped defend the life of student leader Víctor Valverth when state agents attempted to kidnap him (Guatemala 80; Central America Report: 23 June 1980; interviews).
14 June 1980 the body of Engineering student Edwin Roberto Paz appears in zone 19 of the capital, bearing signs of torture and strangulation (Guatemala 80).
17 June 1980 Felipe José Mendizábal y Mendizábal, director of the University's Department of Registry and Statistics who had worked for 27 years in the San Carlos administration, is machine-gunned to death in front of his house while returning from work (Guatemala 80).
24 June 1980 Psychology students Ana María Mendoza Gálvez and Julio Fernando Alvarado Solórzano and Law student Carlos Roberto Moreno are kidnapped in Guatemala City. The next day their mutilated bodies appear in the city center (Siete Días en la USAC: 30 June 1980; Guatemala 80; AAAS 1986: 47-48).
24 June 1980 History student Edgar René Celada Quezada is disappeared by police who were cordoning off the streets in zone 18 (Amnesty International 1981b: 20).
1 July 1980 University of San Carlos student Edwin Estéban Tobar Fajardo is shot dead (AAAS 1986: 48).
2 July 1980 Dentistry student Mamerto José Herrera Sosa is kidnapped. Two days later his body is found on the outskirts of the capital (Guatemala 80).
5 July 1980 Rita Navarro Barbarena, former director of the University Cultural Center and literature teacher in the Law School, is shot dead in her car (Guatemala 80).
5 July 1980 Law student Marco Antonio Cacao Muñoz is killed shortly after returning from exile. The victim was the director of the radio news program "Panorama," founder of a journalists' labor union, organizer for the Social Democratic Party and a leader of the Mormon church (Siete Días en la USAC: 21 July 1980: 12; Guatemala 80; interviews).
8 July 1980 Humanities professor Roberto Ortiz Morales is machine-gunned to death. Ortiz was the director of the University's teacher training center, the Institute for Investigations and Educational Improvement, and the leader of a Protestant church (Siete Días en la USAC: 21 July 1980).
8 July 1980 Amadeo Galindo Miranda, director of the San Carlos administration's legal department who had recently resigned from his position as professor of Economics, is shot dead (Prensa Libre: 10 July 1980; AAAS 1986: 36).
10 July 1980 Law student Carlos Enrique Castillo Martínez is shot dead; fellow student Antonio Velásquez Estrada is gravely wounded in the same attack (AAAS 1986: 48).
10 July 1980 Law student Mariela Fabiola Aguilar Quiñónez is kidnapped while walking in zone 1. The victim, also the secretary of the National Housing Bank, was subsequently killed (Prensa Libre: 11 and 18 July 1980).
11 July 1980 Law student José Luis Pulucó Pichillá, is kidnapped and then killed (Prensa Libre: 12 and 18 July 1980).
14 July 1980 eight students are killed during an indiscriminate massacre on the main San Carlos campus. The assassins were heavily armed men using several cars with high-powered antennas. Six students died at the bus stop in front of the administration building: Enrique Constantino Reyes Orozco, Jorge Guillermo Guillén Reyna, Julio René Escobar Roquel, Víctor Héctor Argueta, Marco Tulio Collado and one unidentified victim. Minutes later two students leaving the University in a pickup truck, German Guillermo Tobar Mata and Víctor Hugo Aguilar Rodríguez, were chased down and killed by the same assassins (Siete Días en la USAC: 21 July 1980; Central America Report: 21 July 1980; Guatemala 80: 117; AAAS 1986: 49).
14 July 1980 José Francisco Monroy Paredes, former director of the San Carlos campus in Quetzaltenango, CUNOC, and director of its Division of Juridical and Social Sciences, is killed together with his wife Esperanza Montes de Monroy (Siete Días en la USAC: 21 July 1980: Guatemala 80).
17 July 1980 Law professor Manuel de Jesús Marroquín Castañeda is killed. He was legal adviser to various peasant groups, including the Comuneros de Santa María Xalapán, a group that had repeatedly been driven from communal lands in the mountains between Jalapa and Sanarate that its members claimed as theirs. Marroquín was the second legal adviser of the group to be killed (Castro Torres 1978; Guatemala 80; AAAS 1986: 7; Siete Días en la USAC: 21 July 1980).
17 July 1980 Medical student Mario René Matute Iriarte, member of FERG and former high school student activist, is shot dead in front of his house in zone 5 of the capital, receiving over 20 bullet wounds (Guatemala 80; interview).
17 July 1980 the bodies of two CUNOC students, Eduardo Dávila Rivera and Jesús Flores Mazariegos, are found in a fresh grave on a plantation in Costa Cuca, Colomba, Quetzaltenango, during a period of attacks on this San Carlos campus (Guatemala 80; AAAS 1986: 49).
18 July 1980 the lifeless body of Law student Dwight Ponce Quezada appears hanging from a tree in the ravine between zone 3 and zone 7 of the capital. At the time his family denied the police version that he had taken his own life. Some student militants claim that he was killed, but another source believes that he slashed his wrists when he was trapped by his persecutors, who then hung him from the tree. In either case, this death is included because his decision to commit suicide was undoubtedly caused by the knowledge that his captors would torture and kill him. A long time ORPA militant and student activist, Quezada Ponce served in the PODER administration that ran the AEU in 1974-75. He helped run many of the study groups that incorporated San Carlos students into the ORPA organization (Guatemala 80; AAAS 1986: 50; Fundación para la Democracia Manuel Colom Argueta 1999: 133; interviews).
24 July 1980 San Carlos student Otto Guillermo Balcarcel is detained; the next day his body is found (AAAS 1986: 50).
28 July 1980 University of San Carlos security guard Miguel Angel de León Dávila is shot dead in Ciudad Real, zone 12 (Guatemala 80).
31 July 1980 Law professor Juan Buenafé Hernández is shot dead (AAAS 1986: 36).
4 August 1980 Irma Yolanda Reyes y Reyes is shot dead; she had just resigned from her position as professor of Humanities (AAAS 1986: 37).
7 August 1980 Vicente Chávez Cochoy, Humanities student at the CUNOC in Quetzaltenango, is kidnapped from his house in Santa María Utatlán, Sololá. His body appears the next day (Guatemala 80).
8 August 1980 Law student María Calixta López Hernández is disappeared along with her sister in Mixco (Siete Días en la USAC: 18 August 1980).
12 August 1980 Rosalinda Cabrera Muñoz, Law professor at the Centro Universitario de Occidente (CUNOC) is shot dead in front of her house in San Pedro Sacatepéquez, San Marcos. Narcisa Bautista, 75 years old, also dies in the attack (Siete Días en la USAC: 18 August 1980).
13 or 16 August 1980 Psychology students Augusto César Figueroa Ruíz and David Sáenz González are kidnapped from a city bus in zone 2 of the capital (AAAS 1986: 28; Guatemala 80).
20 August 1980 nine bodies appear at the spot on the highway to San José Pinula where on the day before the vice-minister of the interior Juan de Dios Leal was shot and wounded. The victims, all young people, had been detained days before. Their bodies were apparently dumped on the highway in reprisal for the attack on Leal. A note was left at the site, accusing them of guerrilla activity. At least two were from the University of San Carlos: Agronomy students Federico Guillermo Murga Estrada and Erick Adolfo Suffther (El Gráfico: 22 August 1980; Amnesty International 1981a: 154; Guatemala 80).
22 August 1980 Julio Antonio Ponce Valdés, director of the School of Psychology, is detained and disappeared when he attempts to board a bus for the University of San Carlos (Guatemala 80; AAAS 1986: 14).
22 August 1980 San Carlos student Luis Alberto Jiménez Castillo is found dead inside a vehicle in the capital (Guatemala 80).
24 August 1980 San Carlos student Raúl Cordón Ayala is shot dead in the "Olímpico" bar in zone 11 (Guatemala 80).
25 August 1980 the body of San Carlos student Juan José Cóbar Arana appears with six bullet wounds and signs of strangulation in zone 4 of the capital (La Hora: 25 August 1980; Guatemala 80).
29 August 1980 the body of Guadalupe Navas Alvarez viuda de Andrade Roca, professor of Law and in the Labor Orientation School, appears in a hotel in Ciudad Vieja, Sacatepéquez, along with another victim, Dennis Martínez Cabezas, secretary general of the University of Nicaragua. The government labels it a double suicide; the University of San Carlos believes that, because of the sophisticated methods used to make the deaths appear as suicides, that the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) was involved (Siete Días en la USAC 1 September 1980; Guatemala 80).
In September 1980 José Roberto Mertins Murúa, professor at the Rafael Landívar University, is killed. The victim was the former secretary general of the Federation of Private Universities of Central America and the president of the Institute for Spanish Culture in Guatemala City (Central America Report: 8 September 1980).
In September 1980 Víctor Manuel Hurtado Sigüenza, administrative secretary of the Centro Universitario de Occidente (CUNOC) is killed in Quetzaltenango (Siete Días en la USAC: 29 September 1980).
7 September 1980 Federico Adolfo Matul Morales, CUNOC Psychology professor, is killed (Siete Días en la USAC: 29 September and 6 October 1980).
23 September 1980 Lucila Rodas Hidalgo viuda de Villagrán, 60 years old and a Psychology professor at the CUNOC, is gravely wounded in an attack. Rodas, a member of the PGT, was also the director of the Instituto Normal para Señoritas de Occidente in Quetzaltenango. The following day, masked gunmen entered the hospital in which she was recovering and killed her in front of her family (Siete Días en la USAC: 29 September 1980; Central America Report: 27 September 1980; División de Publicidad e Información, USAC).
In October 1980 university professor Julio Augusto García Alvarez is killed (Central America Report: 11 October 1980).
In October 1980 Vicente Rosales Flores is killed in his house, presumably by army agents. Rosales Flores was an athletics coach at the army's officer training school, the Escuela Politécnica, and its secondary-level Instituto Adolfo V. Hall, in addition to teaching at the University of San Carlos. The victim had turned down a proposal by an army officer to inform on student activities at the University (Comisión para el Esclarecimiento Histórico 1999: case 119).
In October 1980 Law student Antonio Díaz Pérez is killed (Siete Días en la USAC: 20 October 1980: 11).
In October 1980 Rodolfo Montoya, Law professor at the Centro Universitario del Sur (CUNSUR) and adviser in the University's Bufete Popular in Escuintla, is killed (Siete Días en la USAC: 20 October 1980: 11).
4 October 1980 a student of the Centro Universitario de Occidente (CUNOC) is killed (Central America Report: 11 October 1980).
9 October 1980 Law student Carlos Vega is killed when assailants invade the Law School building and set it on fire (Siete Días en la USAC: 20 October 1980).
17 November 1980 Leonel Roldán Salguero, professor of Sociology in the School of Political Science, is kidnapped and his wife, Miriam Alvarez de Roldán, a secretary at the University, is killed. Roldán Salguero's mutilated body is found on 6 December 1980 outside the capital (Central America Report: 22 November 1980; Noticias de Guatemala 56: December 1980).
19 November 1980 the body of San Carlos student José Esquivel Lemus was found in the capital (Noticias de Guatemala 56: December 1980).
In early December 1980 San Carlos students Abel Oliva Rodríguez and Edwin Morales Sánchez are killed (Noticias de Guatemala 57: 15 December 1980).
18 December 1980 exiled Guatemalan art critic Alaide Foppa Falla viuda de Solórzano is forcibly disappeared while visiting her family in Guatemala City. Foppa, 67 was a professor at the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM). She was captured, together with her chauffeur Leocadio Actum Chivoy, while she was working as an operative for the EGP, in which several of her children participated (Amnesty International 1981a: 154; Guillermoprieto 1997; Noticias de Guatemala 58: January 1981).
28 December 1980 José Luis Jacomé, union leader and ex-secretary general of the AEU, is killed on the Calzada San Juan, just five days after returning from exile in Costa Rica, where he had fled due to threats against his life (Comisión para el Esclarecimiento Histórico 1999: para. 1878).
1981:
In 1981 Economics professor Julio Gutiérrez is disappeared (Economics Department archive).
In January 1981 university student Julio Eduardo Sueiras Martínez is assassinated (Noticias de Guatemala: January 1981).
During the final days of January 1981 Carlos Centeno Cordón and Bernardo Lemus Mendoza are assassinated in separate incidents in the capital. The two San Carlos Economics professors were both functionaries in the Lucas García government, working in the economic planning secretariat. The military government apparently killed its own advisers. Lemus Mendoza had moved to the public sector after losing the race for University rector in 1978 (Noticias de Guatemala: February 1981).
27 January 1981 Abel Lemus Véliz, San Carlos professor and leader of the Frente Unido de la Revolución (FUR) leftist political party, is executed by armed men in the capital. He had previously been threatened by officials from the Interior and Defense ministries (Comisión para el Esclarecimiento Histórico 1999: case 497).
29 January 1981 eight members of the University of San Carlos community are massacred by security forces in the Paraninfo Universitario, the old Medical School in the city center. At 6 p.m., shortly before the killing spree began, militants of the 31st of January Popular Front blocked 2nd Avenue in front of the Paraninfo and burned an effigy in commemoration of the government's massacre at the Spanish Embassy one year before (members of the 31st of January Front belonged to non-armed groups allied with the EGP, including CUC and FERG, which had organized the Embassy takeover). The protesters retreated before the arrival of security forces. In apparent retaliation for the protest, government agents entered the Paraninfo and opened fire on a presentation on the coming year's cultural events sponsored by the University Extension Department. The victims included Erwin Golib Colorado, the director of the University Cultural Center, Miguel Angel Hernández Valera, the director of the sports department, and six San Carlos students: Orlando Castillo Murcia, Byron José Castañeda Cordón, Oscar Rolando Figueroa, Mynor Benjamín Jerez, Jorge Alfredo López García and Juan Bautista Castillo. Another man, Juan Carlos Arocha, was killed, and six others were wounded, including five university students (Noticias de Guatemala: February 1981).
17 February 1981 Medical student Boanerges Amílcar Coronado is assassinated (AAAS 1986: 50).
17 February 1981 Medical student José Catarino Ixcot Chan is assassinated (AAAS 1986: 50).
24 February 1981 Oscar Arturo Palencia, poet and chief of the University's Division of Publicity and Information is killed. He was a member of the PGT (Amnesty International 1981a: 154; interviews).
25 February 1981 Law professor Mario Arnoldo Castro Pérez is shot to death in a street in zone 5 of the capital. He was ex-president of the "El Derecho" Association of Law Students and a member of the University's legal representation (Siete Días en la USAC: 2 March 1981; Amnesty International 1987a: 215).
26 February 1981 Law professor José Gerardo Reyes Alvarez is assassinated (Amnesty International 1987a: 215).
27 February 1981 Law professor Guillermo Alfonso Monzón Paz is assassinated (Amnesty International 1987a: 215).
4 March 1981 Law professor Jorge Alfonso Palacios Motta is assassinated (Amnesty International 1987a: 215).
4 March 1981 Law professor José Aníbal Moreno is assassinated (Amnesty International 1982: 142).
16 March 1981 Jorge Romero Imery, director of the School of Political Science and acting dean of the Faculty of Juridical and Social Sciences, is kidnapped in zone 7 of the capital by eight armed men using two cars. Three months later his tortured body is found in a cemetery in Mazatenango, where it had been buried after it was found floating in the nearby Río Siguacán (Siete Días in al USAC: 23 March 1981; Amnesty International 1987a: 215).
7 May 1981 Law professors Jorge Mancio Ortiz and Carlos Enrique Tuch Orellana are killed, along with Oscar Bonilla de León, door-man at the University's Bufete Popular, after the leaving the San Carlos campus, in an ambush in zone 12. In the same attack, Miriam Elizabeth Gómez Lima, secretary of the Governing Board of the Facultad of Juridical and Social Sciences, is gravely wounded (Amnesty International 1987a: 215; Siete Días en la USAC: 18 May 1981).
15 May 1981 Judith Marlene Gularte Paredes, Pedagogy student at the University Mariano Gálvez, is disappeared. Just days before, her husband Jorge Roberto Paz Asencio, Law student at the San Carlos, suffered the same fate (El Periódico: 15 May 1997).
21 May 1981 Professor of Medicine and ORPA militant Arturo Soto Avendaño is kidnapped after receiving a phone call telling him to go to the scene where his father had supposedly had an accident. On 24 May his body is left at the entrance to the San Carlos campus with signs of torture and five bullet wounds to the head. The death of Soto Avendaño provoked an exodus of professors from the Medical School (Castillo Montalvo 1984; AAAS 1986: 8; interviews).
In June 1981 Economics student Estela Marina Castellanos Puga is disappeared by security forces when leaving the ORPA safe house in zone 15 where she lived. The residence was raided by the judicial police a short time later, part of a wave of attacks on urban guerrilla houses, especially those belonging to ORPA, in which a number of other San Carlos student militants died or were disappeared (interview).
9 June 1981 Agronomy student Edgar Enrique Sáenz Calito is disappeared in the capital just a few days after judicial police detained him for allegedly carrying "subversive documents" (Comisión para el Esclarecimiento Histórico 1999: case 18).
20 June 1981 armed men chase Juan Zea González, Architecture student, ORPA militant and former secretary general of the AEU (1974-75), from zone 11 to zone 9 of the capital, where he is caught and machine-gunned to death in his car (Fundación para la Democracia Manuel Colom Argueta 1999: 134; interview).
7 July 1981 Carlos Isidro Méndez Pinelo, San Carlos student and army specialist, is killed by armed men in zone 7 of the capital. One of the victim's daughters was wounded in the attack; another, who also witnessed the shooting, suffered health problems probably the result of her fear and sadness (Comisión para el Esclarecimiento Histórico 1999: case 729).
7 July 1981 Francisco Javier Espada Chávez, Law student at the Centro Universitario de Occidente (CUNOC) is captured by the Treasury Police and turned over to the National Police in Quetzaltenango. He never appeared again (Comisión para el Esclarecimiento Histórico 1999: case 8088).
24 July 1981 Medical student Otto Enrique Paau Pacay is shot to death (AAAS 1986: 50).
4 August 1981 Law professor Ricardo Adolfo Juárez Gudiel is shot to death in Guatemala City. He had been threatened with death repeatedly since November 1978 (Comisión para el Esclarecimiento Histórico 1999: case 197).
13 August 1981 professor of Medicine Filiberto Rafael Sánchez Castillo is kidnapped. On 19 August his tortured and bullet-riddled body appears by the side of a highway leading out of the capital (AAAS 1986: 8).
1 September 1981 Architecture professor Mario Roberto Benfeldt Zachrisson is kidnapped. In April 1983, the U.S. embassy in Guatemala states that Benfeldt was disappeared and was probably killed following his disappearance (AAAS 1986: 14; Amnesty International 1987a: 214-15).
19 September 1981 Engineering student Mario Federico Azmitia Dorantes is disappeared along with other victims. He was very active in social projects of the Catholic Church (CONFREGUA archives).
24 September 1981 professor of Medicine Juan José Amílcar Hidalgo Salguero, a Salvadoran national, is kidnapped in Guatemala City. His body appeared in Quiché in December 1981 (AAAS 1986: 8).
In October 1981 Nelton Ademir Rodas Aguirre, university student and PGT militant, is disappeared in the capital, presumably by members of the judicial police (Comisión para el Esclarecimiento Histórico 1999: case 784).
3 October 1981 History student Ligia Isabel Martínez Urrutia is assassinated. She was also a teacher at the Instituto Belga and in 1971 had participated in the Catholic Church's Operación Uspantán in a poor rural area of Quiché (CONFREGUA archives).
14 October 1981 San Carlos student Alfredo Pérez Barrios is disappeared, presumably by army agents (Comisión para el Esclarecimiento Histórico 1999: case 20000).
4 November 1981 San Carlos student Herbert Estrada Aparicio, 20, is shot dead by unknown men while walking in zone 6 (La represión en Guatemala, November 1981 to April 1982).
5 November 1981 Demetrius Samuel Fuentes Guzmán, administrative employee in the Economics Faculty, is shot dead while leaving the University of San Carlos campus through an exit that moments before masked protesters had tried to padlock shut (Siete Días en la USAC: 9 November 1981).
7 November 1981 Engineering student José de León Acuña, 24, is killed during an attack by various unidentified men (La represión en Guatemala, November 1981 to April 1982).
11 November 1981 Architecture student Carlos Onofre Soberanis Paz is disappeared together with three friends while driving in the capital (La represión en Guatemala, November 1981 to April 1982).
28 November 1981 Aura Marina Vides Alemán, a student of Social Work who worked at the La Providencia Catholic Church in zone 8, is kidnapped near her home by unknown men. Eleven days later her body turned up in a vacant lot near the University (La represión en Guatemala, November 1981 to April 1982; interview).
In December 1981 Medical professor Guillermo Muñiz Solares is kidnapped. His mutilated body is found outside Guatemala City on 2 March 1982 (AAAS 1986; interviews).
15 December 1981 Mario Dary Rivera, rector of the University of San Carlos and biologist in the Faculty of Pharmacy and Chemical Sciences, is assassinated. The Committee of Popular Resistance, which press reports tied to the guerrilla movement, claimed credit for the killing. Recent investigative reports attribute the crime to an urban commando of the PGT (Inforpress Centroamericana 17 December 1981; Velásquez, González and Blanck 1997; interviews).
17 December 1981 Rolando Kaibil Alvarado Arévalo, Economics student, FRENTE activist and secretary general of the employees union of the Banco Industrial, is kidnapped. Apparently he was detained in a prison in Salamá and then brought to the Mariscal Zavala army barracks in the capital. His brother Sergio Leonel Alvarado Arévalo was disappeared in May 1984 (AAAS 1986: 28; GAM archives; interviews).
28 December 1981 José Luis González Rosales, secretary at the Centro Universitario del Norte (CUNOR) en Cobán, Alta Verapaz, is shot dead in his office (La represión en Guatemala, November 1981 to April 1982).
30 December 1981 Floridalma de Paz Maldonado is disappeared in the capital. A native of San Miguel Ixtahuacán, San Marcos, she was a Medical student and nurse at the Hospital San Juan de Dios (Comisión para el Esclarecimiento Histórico 1999: case 7287).
1982:
In 1982 four Engineering students are shot to death while walking along the Anillo Periférico in zone 12. The victims were wearing sports uniforms and were not politically involved (interview).
27 January 1982 Humanities student Hector Armando Mejía Palma is killed in zone 11. He was also the director of the "7 de Mayo" public school (La represión en Guatemala, November 1981 to April 1982).
31 January 1982 Santiago Desiderio Ujpán Cholotio, member of the "Robin García" Revolutionary Student Front (FERG) and employee at Guatemala City's Customs House, is disappeared (Comisión para el Esclarecimiento Histórico 1999: case 4001).
In February 1982 San Carlos professor Guillermo Alfonso Rodríguez Serrano is killed (Noticias de Guatemala 79, 12 April 1982).
13 February 1982 Emil Bustamante López, 32, professor of Veterinary Medicine and director of the University of San Carlos's regional campuses, is kidnapped. Apparently he was kidnapped by security forces while in transit between the capital and Santa Catarina Pinula (AAAS 1986: 15; Amnesty International 1987: 214).
16 February 1982 professor of Medicine and member of the EGP Oscar Rolando Rivas Martínez is forcibly disappeared on his way to work at Guatemala City's Cancer Institute (AAAS 1986: 40; Comisión para el Esclarecimiento Histórico 1999: case 3).
25 February 1982 José Octavio Cajas Sosa, professor of Medicine and director of the San Carlos Department of Epidemiology, is kidnapped. His body is found in an unmarked grave in the public La Verbena cemetery on 25 April. An interview source says he was disappeared along with Oscar Rivas Martínez on 16 February (Amnesty International 1987a: 214; AAAS 1986; interviews).
25 February 1982 Roberto Eduardo Dary González, Edwin Oliva y Roberto Neftalí Escalante, all students at the San Carlos and workers at the La Aurora Zoo, are kidnapped from their place of employment. Ten days later Oliva and Dary were freed (the latter was a nephew of Mario Dary, the San Carlos rector killed two months earlier). Escalante remains disappeared (La represión en Guatemala, November 1981 to April 1982; interview).
3 March 1982 Eli Hidalgo Ponce, 33, is disappeared from his room in the Hotel Centroamérica in downtown Guatemala City by members of the National Police. The victim worked as a lawyer in the Bufete Popular of the University of San Carlos in Cobán, Alta Verapaz, representing various peasant groups in the area (CDHG 1982; interview with a member of the victim's family).
9 March 1982 San Carlos student Rubia Dorina García Esquivel de Monteros is kidnapped by armed men in the capital. She later appeared murdered (La represión en Guatemala, March 1982).
20 March 1982 Silvia Liseth Morales, primary school teacher and member of the "Robin García" Revolutionary Student Front (FERG) is disappeared, allegedly by military intelligence agents (Comisión para el Esclarecimiento Histórico 1999: case 685).
27 March 1982 San Carlos student Mauricio Noguera disappears together with his car, which is later abandoned with bloodstains throughout the interior. The victim is presumed dead (La represión en Guatemala, March 1982).
In April 1982 Miguel Basilio García, Law student at the Centro Universitario de Occidente (CUNOC), is killed by armed men in front of his primary school students in the village of Chuipaché, Totonicapán. He had escaped two previous assassination attempts (La represión en Guatemala, November 1981 to April 1982).
In April 1982 Oscar Chávez, former director of the University's Supervised Professional Practice program and a member of FERG, is shot and then disappeared, allegedly by members of the army (Comisión para el Esclarecimiento Histórico 1999: case 15411).
22 May 1982 Guillermo Toralla Loarca, professor of Humanities and member of the Armed Rebel Forces (FAR), is kidnapped by security forces from the Montserrat shopping center (AAAS 1986: 15; Amnesty International 1987a: 214; interview).
6 June 1982 Medical student María del Carmen Fong González is disappeared while waiting for a bus in zone 1. Four armed men forced her into a waiting van (CIIDH database case cd0000867).
12 June 1982 Francisco Rodolfo de León Barrios, Law professor, adviser to peasant groups and ORPA militant, is captured by the judicial police in the capital. He was handed over to the army and tortured and killed in the old military school, the Escuela Politécnica (Comisión para el Esclarecimiento Histórico 1999: case 7001).
3 July 1982 San Carlos student leader José Antonio Vásquez Reina is disappeared from his house in Villa Nueva (División de Publicidad e Información, USAC).
20 July 1982 Engineering student Marco Vinicio Calderón Cruz is disappeared in zone 5 of the capital after refereeing a basketball game (División de Publicidad e Información, USAC).
21 July 1982 two brothers, Medical student José Simón Cos Culajay and Agronomy student Catalino Cos Culajay, are kidnapped from their house in zone 7 of the capital (División de Publicidad e Información, USAC).
5 August 1982 Humanities student Edna Patricia Mejía Leal, 18, is kidnapped in the center of Guatemala City (División de Publicidad e Información, USAC).
5 August 1982 Law student Marta Lares Güitz is kidnapped from zone 8 of the capital (División de Publicidad e Información, USAC).
9 August 1982 Economics student Victoriano Gramajo Samayoa is kidnapped and disappeared (División de Publicidad e Información, USAC).
12 August 1982 Economics student Ana Noemí Sacalzot Aguilar is kidnapped and disappeared (División de Publicidad e Información, USAC).
19 August 1982 Psychology student María Emilia Figueroa Poggio is kidnapped and disappeared from her house in zone 1 of the capital (Siete Días en la USAC: 23 August 1982).
In September 1982 San Carlos student Edgar Aroldo Castro Ramírez is kidnapped in Quetzaltenango (División de Publicidad e Información, USAC).
7 September 1982 Humanities student Hugo Rolando Morán Ramírez is disappeared from his place of work at the University's Institute for Investigations and Educational Improvement (AAAS 1986: 53; División de Publicidad e Información, USAC).
9 September 1982 Economics student Carlos Humberto Blanco Gelista is kidnapped from his job at an ice cream store in zone 13 (División de Publicidad e Información, USAC).
11 September 1982 Economics Faculty treasurer Graciela Morales Herrera and three of her children are disappeared from their house in zone 8 by men in civilian dress (Amnesty International 1987a: 214).
11 September 1982 San Carlos student Raúl Francisco Almengor Martínez is shot dead by unknown gunmen while driving in his car on the San Carlos campus (La represión en Guatemala, September 1982).
16 September 1982 Medical student Luis Alfredo de León Meléndez is killed in the early morning hours while leaving the Hospital Roosevelt, where he was performing his Supervised Professional Practice (La represión en Guatemala, September 1982).
26 September 1982 Julio Roberto Gutiérrez Hernández, an analyst at the Institute Economic and Social Investigations, is disappeared (División de Publicidad e Información, USAC).
28 September 1982 History professor and literary critic Rolando Enrique Medina Cuellar is disappeared from the School of History parking lot by six men and one women in two cars (Irías 1984; AAAS 1986: 15; Amnesty International 1987a: 214).
29 September 1982 Economics student Mario Alberto de León Arango is disappeared while driving his car in zone 5 of the capital (Siete Días en la USAC: 25 October 1982; División de Publicidad e Información, USAC).
30 September 1982 Raúl Rodríguez Arango, director of the Centro Universitario de Occidente (CUNOC) is shot dead in his office in Quetzaltenango by unknown assailants (Siete Días en la USAC: 27 September 1982).
10 October 1982 Mariano López Hernández, ORPA member and Medical student at the Centro Universitario de Occidente (CUNOC), is captured by the army in Concepción Chiquirichapa, Quetzaltenango where he worked as a nurse. Later, he was brought to the army base in Quetzaltenango where soldiers tortured and killed him (Comisión para el Esclarecimiento Histórico 1999: case 8335).
21 October 1982 Luis Guerra Leonardo, Philosophy professor in the CUNOC Humanities Department, is kidnapped in Quetzaltenango (División de Publicidad e Información, USAC).
21 October 1982 San Carlos student Raúl Cacacho Ralda is kidnapped from the center of Guatemala City (División de Publicidad e Información, USAC).
27 October 1982 Economics student Eugenio Cap Yes is kidnapped when he leaves his house in zone 7 on his way to work at the National Institute of Cooperatives, INACOP (Siete Días en la USAC: 8 November 1982; División de Publicidad e Información, USAC).
2 November 1987 in the capital presumed army agents capture Irving Paul Tillmans, Agronomy professor and director of the Centro Universitario del Norte (CUNOR) in Cobán. He never appeared (Comisión para el Esclarecimiento Histórico 1999: case 625).
In December 1982 university professional Milton Cabnal Santacruz is disappeared in the capital, shortly after escaping from an army raid on a zone 15 safe house belonging to ORPA, a rebel group to which the victim belonged (Comisión para el Esclarecimiento Histórico 1999: case 527).
26 December 1982 Agronomy student Marco Antonio Caxaj Rodríguez is disappeared from his place of work at DIGESA, in Antigua Guatemala (División de Publicidad e Información, USAC).
29 December 1982 law student Axel Roberto Campos Díaz is disappeared in Guatemala City (Comisión para el Esclarecimiento Histórico 1999: case 945).
1983:
13 January 1983 Engineering student Odón Humberto Mazariegos Alvarez is kidnapped from the city center (División de Publicidad e Información, USAC).
5 April 1983 Erla Flor de María Calderón Rodas, 18, a Medical student at CUNOC in Quetzaltenango and a member of ORPA, is disappeared on her way home from the University (Siete Días en la USAC: 5 September 1993; AAAS 1986: 53; Comisión para el Esclarecimiento Histórico 1999: case 8211).
14 April 1983 Angel Claudio Calderón de León, professor in the Center for Folklore Studies at the Centro Universitario de Sur-Occidente (CUNSUROC), is disappeared from a hospital in Mazatenango (AAAS 1986: 16; División de Publicidad e Información, USAC).
26 April 1983 Medical student Salvador Solares Florián is disappeared after he drops two girls off at a school bus stop in zone 11 of the capital (División de Publicidad e Información, USAC; AAAS 1986: 53).
2 May 1983 Law student Raúl Morán Lucero is forcibly disappeared outside of his house in zone 13 (División de Publicidad e Información, USAC; AAAS 1986: 28).
3 May 1983 Rosa Estela Pérez Villaseñor, secretary at the University's Center for Folklore Studies and member of the Association of Guatemalan Secretaries, is disappeared in zone 10 (Amnesty International 1987a: 214).
3 May 1983 Ernesto Joaquín Gutiérrez Castellanos, Medical student and former director of the Medical School's Supervised Professional Practice program, is disappeared by eight heavily-armed men while waiting for a bus in zone 6 (Castillo Montalvo 1984: AAAS 1986: 16).
13 May 1983 María Angela Ayala Saravia, social worker and former employee of the University's School of Social Work, is kidnapped (División de Publicidad e Información, USAC).
6 June 1983 Ana Lucrecia Orellana Stormont, Psychology professor in the Medical School, is disappeared while leaving a meeting at Guatemala City's Hotel Plaza (AAAS 1986: 17).
6 June 1983 Psychology professor Edgar Raúl Rivas Rodríguez is disappeared in the capital (AAAS 1986: 16).
6 July 1983 former professor of Psychology Herdelberto Gerónimo Leal Feddek is disappeared in the capital (Amnesty International 1987a: 214).
8 September 1983 Law student Marco Antonio Quiñónez Flores is disappeared by various armed men who raid his home in Amatitlán (AAAS 1986: 29; Amnesty International 1987a: 216).
9 September 1983 Luis René Juárez Villela, professor of Communications at the Universidad of San Carlos and a high school teacher, is disappeared on the highway to Villa Canales (AAAS 1986: 18; Amnesty International 1987a: 216).
7 October 1983 Law student Piedad Esperanza Barrios Sánchez is detained along with her mother Julieta Esperanza Sánchez Castillo, a government inspector of rural education programs, in zone 2 by men in civilian dress. On November 15, their partially burned corpses are found in an automobile that had been driven off the road. The body of Barrios Sánchez presented signs of torture (CDHG archives).
18 October 1983 Celis Chet Yoc de Ralac, Pharmacy and Chemical Sciences student, and her husband Law student José Felipe Ralac Xioloj, are kidnapped on their way home in zone 11. The burned body of Ralac Xioloj, a founder of the Center for the Study of Maya Culture (CECMA), was pulled from the car mentioned in the above case; Chet Yoc remained disappeared (División de Publicidad e Información, USAC; CDHG archives).
25 October 1983 professor of Medicine Orencio Sosa Calderón is disappeared in Chimaltenango by unknown men who stop his car on the way to the Behrhorst Clinic where he worked as a doctor. Before being taken away Sosa fired on his attackers and wounded two of them. According to a military dossier published in May 1999, Sosa Calderón founded the PGT's Medical Commission. The archive also reveals that the army killed him on 7 February 1984 (La Hora: 4 November 1983; AAAS 1986: 18; Guatemalan Military Archive, 1983-1985).
25 November 1983 dean of Pharmacy and Chemical Sciences Leonel Carrillo Reeves is killed by armed men who ambush him in the parking lot of his faculty. He had served a number of times as acting rector during the worst of the terror against the San Carlos. A military dossier on the guerrillas claims that Tomás Vargas Boror and Victoriano Balam Yool, PGT militants killed extra-judicially by state forces in 1984, took part in the Carrillo Reeves assassination (Amnesty International 1987a: 216; AAAS 1986; Guatemalan Military Archive, 1983-1985).
13 December 1983 Economics student Julio César Almazón Murga is shot to death in the parking lot of the Humanities Faculty (AAAS 1986: 26).
27 December 1983 San Carlos professor Jaime Aníbal Pérez Mazariegos is disappeared in San Pedro Yepocapa, Chimaltenango, by a group of unidentified men who beat him unconscious and then carried him away in the bed of a pick-up truck (AAAS 1986: 19).
31 December 1983 San Carlos student Alma Lucrecia Osorio Bobadilla, 26, is captured by the army in zone 7. A military archive reveals that the PGT militant was held in captivity until she was killed on 1 August 1984 (Guatemalan Military Archive, 1983-1985).
1984:
In 1984 Juan Carlos Gómez, student at the University Mariano Gálvez, is disappeared (Noticias de Guatemala 101, February 1984).
1 February 1984 Engineering student Sergio Vinicio Samayoa Morales is gravely wounded with a gunshot to the head. That same night he is kidnapped from the Hospital Roosevelt by armed men whom witnesses identify as members of the security forces. His bullet-riddled body appeared on 6 February 1984 alongside the highway to Chinautla. A military dossier released in May of 1999 suggests that an army informer named Claudia had set up a contact with a number of guerrilla militants including Samayoa Morales, identified as a leader of the urban front of the Organization of People in Arms (ORPA), and that military intelligence agents then kidnapped him from the hospital. He was the fifth member of his family to die or be disappeared during the years of state terror (see the case of Graciela Morales Herrera, 11 September 1982) (AAAS 1986: 26; Amnesty International 1987a: 115; Guatemalan Military Archive, 1983-1985).
3 February 1984 Communications student Alfredo Fernando Aguilar Tzoc is disappeared in the capital (AAAS 1986: 29).
16 February 1984 Law student and factory worker Natael Isías Fuentes Monzón is disappeared (AAAS 1986; Amnesty International 1987a: 216).
17 February 1984 Santiago López Aguilar, Law professor, director and founder of the of Labor Orientation School and member of the PGT, is disappeared. Two days later his tortured, beaten body, the neck wrapped in barbed wire, appears in the Plaza Berlín, zone 13 (Albizures 1985: 99; División de Publicidad e Información, USAC; interviews).
18 February 1984 Edgar Fernando García, student of Engineering, auxiliary professor in the Labor Orientation School, and labor leader at the Central American Glassworks (CAVISA), is disappeared in the capital (AAAS 1986: 29; interviews).
18 February 1984 the body of Medical student Alvaro Antonio Baiza Arriaga is found on the Cerrito del Carmen in zona 2, together with that of Mariola Elizama Tax Castro, both bodies presenting bullet wounds. Just hours before the victims had been at a party where they had a serious argument with other (CDHG data base).
18 February 1984 San Carlos student Edwin Alberto Rousellin, 26, is assassinated (El Gráfico: 20 February 1984).
19 February 1984 Dentistry student Alma Lídia Samayoa Ramírez and her husband, Law student and labor adviser Víctor Hugo Quintanilla Ordoñez, are disappeared. Both had served as student representatives of the University Governing Board (División de Publicidad e Información, USAC; AAAS 1986: 19-20; Amnesty International 1987a: 216).
23 February 1984 Sergio Saúl Linares Morales, professor of Engineering and member of the University Governing Board, is disappeared while leaving work. A military intelligence archive claims that he was a member of the PGT's Central Committee and was killed in army captivity on 29 March (AAAS 1986: 20; Amnesty International 1987a: 216; Guatemalan Military Archive, 1983-1985).
In late February 1984 Economics student Luis Rodrigo Fernández is forcibly disappeared from the Hospital Roosevelt six days after being admitted with serious gunshot wounds (Amnesty International 1987a: 216).
In March 1984 Norma Padilla de Carrillo, Humanities professor, founder of the University Theater of Art and director of the General Directorate of Culture and Fine Arts, dies under suspicious circumstances (El Estudiante, February-March 1984).
9 March 1984 armed men kidnap Communications student Hugo de León Palacios in front of students at "La Brigada" Primary School in zone 19, where he worked as a teacher (AAAS 1986: 30).
27 March 1984 Edwin Hanes Calderón García, Economics student at the Centro Universitario de Occidente (CUNOC), is disappeared when leaving his place of work the Banco de Occidente in Quetzaltenango (División de Publicidad e Información, USAC).
23 April 1984 Communications student Edgar Santos Rivera Arévalo is captured by the army in zone 11 while on his way to meet other members of his guerrilla organization. According to a military archive, the ORPA militant was killed on 6 May after two weeks in army captivity (AAAS 1986: 30; Guatemalan Military Archive, 1983-1985).
28 April 1984 Law student Mayra Cotton is disappeared along with professor of Psychology Adolfo Danilo Regnier Medina. Their bullet-riddled bodies appeared soon thereafter in a car in Ciudad San Cristobal, Mixco (División de Publicidad e Información, USAC).
6 May 1984 Medical student Moisés Saúl Arriaga de León is disappeared by unidentified armed men in Colonia el Milagro, zone 19 (AAAS 1986: 30).
7 May 1984 History professor and archaeologist Carlos Enrique Ericastilla García, is captured and left for dead on the San Carlos campus. He died later as a result of the beating and torture he had received (AAAS 1986; Amnesty International 1987a: 116).
9 May 1984 Medical student Edwin Norberto Ovalle Ico is disappeared by four armed men in zone 7. He allegedly was brought before a military court and accused of involvement in the killing of a member of the army (División de Publicidad e Información, USAC; AAAS 1986: 54).
15 May 1984 Carlos Humberto Cuevas Molina, 25, Sociology student in the School of Political Science, is captured while riding his motorcycle in the city center. The victim, president of the AEU Executive Committee and the son of former rector Rafael Cuevas del Cid, never appeared. A military dossier made public in May 1999 suggested that Cuevas Molina, alias Miguel, was the PGT's responsable in the student movement and was killed on 1 August 1984 following two and a half months in captivity (Amnesty International 1987a: 115; GAM archives; Guatemalan Military Archive, 1983-1985).
15 May 1984 Economics student Otto René Estrada Illescas is disappeared while leaving a barber shop. He was also a member of the Executive Committee of the AEU and of the University of San Carlos Workers' Union (STUSC). A military archive revealed that Estrada Illescas was, like his friend Carlos Cuevas, killed on 1 August (AAAS 1986: 30; Guatemalan Military Archive, 1983-1985).
15 May 1984 Humanities student Rubén Amílcar Farfán, 42, is kidnapped by men in civilian dress when he leaves his place of employment at the Editorial Universitaria in zone 1. The victim was a member of the AEU's Executive Committee and of STUSC union's representative council. For fifteen years family members heard nothing of his whereabouts until a leaked military archive from the period suggested that he was killed while resisting his captors on 15 May 1984 (AAAS 1986: 31; División de Publicidad e Información, USAC; Guatemalan Military Archive, 1983-1985).
19 May 1984 security forces capture Economics student Sergio Leonel Alvarado Arévalo in zone 8, another disappeared member of the AEU Executive Committee. His brother, Rolando Kaibil Alvarado Arévalo, was disappeared in December 1981 (Guatemala 80; AAAS 1986: 32).
21 May 1984 in separate incidents, Economics students Gustavo Adolfo Castañon Fuentes, Irma Marilú Hicho Ramos and Hector Alirio Interiano Ortiz are disappeared from the San Carlos campus by heavily armed men, supposedly agents of the police's Department of Technical Investigations. All three victims were members of that year's AEU Executive Committee (Amnesty International 1987a: 115; AAAS 1986: 32; GAM archives).
22 May 1984 María Villanova Rompich Chiquín, Humanities student and primary school teacher, is disappeared from in front of her house in zone 19 (División de Publicidad e Información, USAC).
23 May 1984 Economics student Ivan Estuardo Velásquez Mendoza is disappeared while working in the city center, along with his brother Jorge Estuardo (División de Publicidad e Información, USAC).
18 June 1984 Law student Elsidia Nineth Rodas Aguirre is kidnapped from a bus on her way to San Marcos (División de Publicidad e Información, USAC).
12 October 1984 Law professor and union adviser Rudy Gustavo Figueroa Muñoz, 31, is kidnapped during a strike by the University of San Carlos Workers' Union (STUSC), which he had helped found. On 4 December 1984 his mutilated body appears in zone 21 of the capital. A military archive published in May 1999 reveals that Figueroa was captured and assassinated by the army (Prensa Libre: 5 December 1984; Amnesty International 1987: 116; Guatemalan Military Archive, 1983-1985).
26 October 1984 Economics professor Carlos Eugenio de León Guidel is shot to death in his car in zone 7 of the capital. A member of the PGT, the victim had been kidnapped by the army and then released just a few months before (AAAS 1986: 11; División de Publicidad e Información, USAC; interviews; Guatemalan Military Archive, 1983-1985).
28 October 1984 dean of the Economics Faculty Vitalino Girón Corado is shot to death in zone 7 while on the way to the funeral of his colleague Carlos de León Gudiel (Americas Watch 1985: 16).
27 November 1984 San Carlos student Héctor Estuardo Marroquín is shot dead when government forces enter the campus and open fire on a group of students (Amnesty International 1987a: 116).
28 November 1984 the bodies of Communications student Edgar Orlando Ramazzini Herrera and Carlos Alfredo Molina de León of Agronomy are found outside the capital. Ramazzini was kidnapped on 13 October 1984 while jogging in Villa Nueva while Molina disappeared shortly before his body was found. A secret army archive claimed that Ramazzini Herrera, alias Santiago, was killed by government forces on 29 November (División de Publicidad e Información, USAC; Amnesty International 1987a: 116; Guatemalan Military Archive, 1983-1985).
30 November 1984 the body of Veterinary Medicine student Noemí Eunice Pélaez Almengor appears with gunshot wounds inside a house in zone 12 (Amnesty International 1987a: 116).
3 December 1984 the bullet-riddled bodies of Edson Figueroa Cruz and Leider Flores Pinto, both students of Economics, are dumped at the entrance of San Carlos campus (Amnesty International 1987a: 116).
1985:
16 January 1985 Economics student Jorge Ricardo López Benítez is disappeared (División de Publicidad e Información, USAC).
25 January 1985 Psychology student Mayra Janeth Meza Soberanis is kidnapped for the second time and the next day her strangled body is found. In 1983 she was kidnapped and her brother Gustavo disappeared (Amnesty International 1987a: 215).
2 March 1985 three students from the Centro Universitario de Occidente (CUNOC), Rafael Galindo of Humanities, Joaquín Rodas Andrade of Agronomy, and Ricardo Gramajo Cifuentes, are disappeared in Quetzaltenango after participating in protests against a proposal in that year's Constituent Assembly to put limits on the University's autonomy. According to a secret military diary released in 1999, both Rodas Andrade and Gramajo Cifuentes were militants in the Movimiento Revolucionario del Pueblo-Ixim (MRP-Ixim), a dissident faction of ORPA. The diary states that in mid-March 1985, after several days in captivity, both men were handed over to the intelligence section of the Quetzaltenango military base (División de Publicidad e Información, USAC; Amnesty International 1987a: 117; Guatemalan Military Archive, 1983-1985).
24 March 1985 Flavio José Quesada Saldana, Architecture professor, coordinator of the University's Centro de Estudios Urbanos y Regionales and a Nicaraguan citizen, is shot dead in front of his home in zone 12 (plaque at the assassination site; AAAS 1986).
27 March 1985 Carlos Enrique Cabrera García, Economics professor, PGT militant and leftist hopeful for university rector, is shot to death in zone 12 on his way to the University (Amnesty International 1987a: 117; interview).
5 April 1985 the body of María del Rosario Godoy Aldana viuda de Cuevas, Sociology student in the School of Political Science, is found in a car at the bottom of a ravine dead on a road leading out of Guatemala City, along with the bodies of her brother, Engineering student Mynor Godoy Aldana, and her three year old son Augusto Rafael Cuevas Godoy. Godoy de Cuevas, whose husband Carlos Ernesto Cuevas Molina had been disappeared on 15 May 1984), was a leader of GAM, the Group for Mutual Support for the Appearance Alive of Our Relatives (Americas Watch 1985; AAAS 1986).
In mid-April 1985 San Carlos students Sandi Rafael González, 23, and Mariano Aparicio, 21, are shot dead in Guatemala City (AAAS 1986: 52).
29 April 1985 Medical student Agustín Poz Iboy is kidnapped in the capital (AAAS 1986: 54).
3 May 1985 Veterinary Medicine student Jorge Mario Alberto Girón Sandoval, 18, is kidnapped in the capital by armed men in civilian dress using a vehicle with government license plates. Later the men go to Girón Sandoval's home and search through his books and clothes (División de Publicidad e Información, USAC; Justice and Peace Committee archives).
3 May 1985 Medical student Julio Nubar Maldonado de León, 27, is kidnapped on his way to work at the Hospital Rodolfo Robles (División de Publicidad e Información, USAC; AAAS 1986: 33).
30 May 1985 Felipe García Colop, Carlos Sincal Ajuchán, Francisco Alberto Mucea Raquec and Lázaro Antonio Mucea Raquec are kidnapped by the army in the capital. All four victims were Agronomy extension students at the University Rafael Landívar and employed at the school's Center for Training and Social Promotion (AAAS 1986: 55; Comisión para el Esclarecimiento Histórico 1999: case 394).
4 June 1985 Edgar Leiva Santos, 45, professor of Veterinary Medicine and former secretary general of the University of San Carlos, is machine-gunned to death while parking his car on the San Carlos campus. At his death Leiva Santos was a pre-candidate for rector and the University's representative to the governmental Commission for Peace, from which the University withdrew in protest of his death (AAAS 1986: 12; Amnesty International 1987a: 117).
21 June 1985 heavily armed men disappear Vladimir Amado Hernández, 26, Economics student and leader of the Association of Economics Students, in zone 9 (La Hora: 22 June 1985; División de Publicidad e Información, USAC).
24 June 1985 Law student Ovidio de Jesús Cartajena Cabrera, 33, is kidnapped from the center of the capital (División de Publicidad e Información, USAC).
2 July 1985 Gloria Elvira Barreno Coyoy, Social Work student at the Centro Universitario de Occidente (CUNOC), is kidnapped in Zunil, Quetzaltenango, where she was performing her Supervised Professional Practice (División de Publicidad e Información, USAC).
7 July 1985 Francisco Manuel Leiva Sosa, 25, Psychology student at CUNOC, is kidnapped from in front of his house in Quetzaltenango (División de Publicidad e Información, USAC).
12 July 1985 San Carlos professor Juan René Conde Velarde is killed (AAAS 1986: 13).
29 July 1985 Carlos Leonel Caxaj Rodríguez, teachers' union leader, university professor and member of the Mutual Support Group (GAM) is killed in Mixco, apparently by members of the security forces (Comisión para el Esclarecimiento Histórico 1999: case 521).
13 August 1985 Medical student Edgar Edmundo Minja Ardón is kidnapped by security forces (AAAS 1986: 55).
20 August 1985 Agronomy student Víctor Manuel Chicol Chalí is found dead with multiple bullet wounds in a river in zone 17 of the capital (Prensa Libre: 21 August 1985).
9 September 1985 Engineering student Luis Fernando de la Roca Elías, 25, is disappeared a few days after the army's invasion of the San Carlos campus. Assailants also kidnapped the victim's mother but soon let her go. She managed to write down the license plate numbers of the kidnappers' cars, which corresponded to vehicles belonging to the army. The army command denied any role in the crime, claiming that the vehicles had been stolen before De la Roca Elías was disappeared (Amnesty International 1987a: 118).
9 September 1985 Edgar Leonel Meléndez, San Carlos student and EGP militant, is disappeared on the highway between the capital and San Lucas Sacatepéquez (Comisión para el Esclarecimiento Histórico 1999: case 799).
26 September 1985 Architecture student Walter González Reyes is machine-gunned to death in zone 1 in broad daylight by men who had followed him from the University (La Hora: 26 September 1985).
16 October 1985 the body of Architecture student Rony Erico Romero Grutt is found by a road in Santa Elena Barillas, Guatemala (AAAS 1986: 52).
13 November 1985 Law student José Fernando García Samayoa is forcibly disappeared when leaving his house in zone 5 (Prensa Libre: 2 December 1985; Comisión para el Esclarecimiento Histórico 1999: case 186).
9 December 1985 Law student and primary school teacher Beatriz Eugenia Barrios Marroquín is kidnapped, for the second time, the day before she is to leave for political exile in Canada. Her body appeared 13 December in Palín, Escuintla, with her hands cut off (AAAS 1986; Amnesty International 1986: 163).
1986:
5 January 1986 Víctor Manuel Vásquez Reyes, 23, San Carlos student, is shot to death in zone 18 by unidentified men (Informe sobre las violaciones a los derechos humanos en Guatemala, January to May 1986).
21 January 1986 Economics professor Edgar Antonio Reyes Monterroso is shot to death in front of his house in Guatemala City (CDHG archives).
7 April 1986 the body of Law student Celfa Almeda García Farfán, an employee of the Finance Ministry, is found together with that of army lieutenant Gustavo Adolfo Quezada Leonardo (Prensa Libre: 9 April 1985).
12 May 1986 Engineering student María Elena Rodas Orellana, 20, is kidnapped in zone 11 of the capital when getting off a bus coming from Chimaltenango (División de Publicidad e Información, USAC; Amnesty International 1987a: 160).
26 July 1986 Jorge Herrera, former San Carlos Law professor and adviser to various unions, is kidnapped, the fifth member of his union activist family to suffer this fate (Amnesty International 1987b: 169).
29 July 1986 San Carlos worker, gardener Gerardo Asañor Letona, is kidnapped on the way to his home (División de Publicidad e Información, USAC).
21 August 1986 in Quetzaltenango Edwin Antonio Soto Morales, Medical student at the Centro Universitario de Occidente, CUNOC, disappears in unspecified circumstances (Informe sobre las violaciones a los derechos humanos en Guatemala, 1986).
12 October 1986 Federico Barrios de León, Law student at the CUNOC, is beaten by unidentified men in the town of San Marcos. He died four days later in the regional hospital (Informe sobre las violaciones a los derechos humanos en Guatemala, 1986).
1987:
22 January 1987 Medical student Lizbeth Alfaro Marroquín is detained and disappeared (CDHG archives).
19 March 1987 Edgar Arana Castillo, 34, student leader in the Medical School and employee of the newspaper El Gráfico, is kidnapped in zone 5. He had returned from exile after the return to civilian government in Guatemala. Later his body was found (División de Publicidad e Información, USAC; Amnesty International 1989a: 19).
16 April 1987 Architecture student Edgar Salvador Asencio Najera is kidnapped in the capital. A week later his body is found (División de Publicidad e Información, USAC).
24 July 1987 Law student Francisco Javier Arévalo Escobar is kidnapped on his way to the San Carlos campus (División de Publicidad e Información, USAC).
17 October 1987 Danilo Sergio Alvarado Mejía, 32, Agronomy student at the Centro Universitario de Occidente (CUNOC), is kidnapped in Quetzaltenango. Two days later his fellow Agronomy student, René Haroldo Leiva Caxaj, 28, is also kidnapped. On 23 October their bodies bearing signs of torture are dumped on highways in different parts of the country. Both victims had helped organize student protests related to a Quetzaltenango transit strike. In July 1988 six police officers were found guilty of the killings but in 1989 were freed on appeal. Proceedings were characterized by a series of anomalies and provoked the withdrawal of a team of advisers from the Harvard Law School, which cited the government's obvious lack of interest in pursuing cases of state terror (Americas Watch 1988: 30-31; Amnesty International 1989b).
1988:
27 January 1988 Salvadoran university student Rafael Vega Castillo, 20, is kidnapped in Guatemala City during a trip to purchase computer parts. His body was found in March 1988 (Americas Watch 1988: 27).
9 February 1988 Economics student and former AEU leader Ana Elizabeth Paniagua Morales, 25, is kidnapped by men in civilian dress riding in a white panel van with polarized windows. Two days later her body presenting knife wounds appeared. Paniagua Morales had requested political asylum in Canada and her petition had been approved the day of her disappearance. She had been kidnapped previously, in 1983, together with her husband, who never reappeared, and her brother-in-law, who was freed after suffering seven months of torture while in government captivity. Also, in 1986 Paniagua had received anonymous threats and in 1987 she was held incommunicado for 18 days (Amnesty International 1989a: 46; Americas Watch 1988: 28).
16 February 1988 Agronomy student José Albino Grijalva Estévez, 26, is kidnapped in the capital by men in a white panel van similar to the one used in the Ana Paniagua kidnapping (see 9 February 1988). His body appeared the following day in the department of Santa Rosa. He had returned from exile in 1986 (Americas Watch 1988: 28; Amnesty International 1989a: 19, 46).
17 February 1988 San Carlos student Erick Leonardo Chinchilla, 20, is kidnapped, also by men in a white panel van (Americas Watch 1988: 28; Crónica: 10 October 1997).
15 May 1988 San Carlos student Carlos René Castellanos Polanco is beaten, tied up and shot dead outside of Jalapa (Amnesty International 1989: 18).
22 July 1988 Agronomy student and AEU leader Adrián Guerra Roca is kidnapped by twelve men carrying arms typically used by the army. On 27 July, his bullet-riddled body was dumped on a highway in Palencia, Guatemala (Americas Watch 1988: 27; Amnesty International 1989: 19).
8 September 1988 the bullet-riddled body of university student Mynor Waldemar López Catalán is found in zone 4 (Prensa Libre: 10 September 1988).
16 November 1988 Pharmacy and Chemical Sciences student Fernando Antonio Castellón Morales is kidnapped in the capital by armed men in civilian dress. On 18 November 1988 his body was found in the village of Pacul, San Lucas, Sacatepéquez (Amnesty International 1989: 19).
1989:
2 February 1989 Psychology students Oscar Guillermo Ríos Guzmán, Edgar Arturo Burete and Manolo Maldonado, and Humanities student Rafael Obregón, all from the Centro Universitario de Occidente (CUNOC), are kidnapped on their way from Quetzaltenango to Guatemala to pick up their passports to attend an international psychology conference in Mexico. The next day, the body of Ríos Guzmán, beaten and with a broken neck, appears on a road in Palín, Escuintla, and Burete's is found with multiple stab wounds. Maldonado and Obregón remained disappeared (Americas Watch 1990: 13-15).
14 February 1989 the body of Miguel Enrique Tzoc García is found in the town of Totonicapán presenting bullet wounds and signs of torture. The victim was kidnapped while on his way to CUNOC in Quetzaltenango, where he studied Economics (Prensa Libre: 16 February 1989).
20 March 1989 Medical student Víctor Hugo Meza Rodríguez is disappeared in San Raymundo, Guatemala, where he performed his Supervised Professional Practice (Prensa Libre: 4 April 1989).
21 August 1989 Psychology student Silvia María Azurdia Utrera and her husband, Political Science student Víctor Hugo Rodríguez Jaramillo, are kidnapped while leaving their house in zone 11. Both were former members of the AEU Executive Committee. On 11 September their bodies were found near the entry to the University, along with those of two other students (see 9 September 1989), all bearing signs of torture (División de Publicidad e Información, USAC; Americas Watch 1990: 16-17; El Periódico 16 September 1997).
21 August 1989 Ivan Ernesto González Fuentes, Psychology student and member of the AEU Executive Committee, is disappeared. The victim represented the San Carlos in the government-run National Dialogue, an attempt at promoting a peace process and one not supported by the army (Americas Watch 1990: 18).
22 August 1989 Psychology student Carlos Ernesto Contreras Conde, member of the AEU Executive Committee, is disappeared (División de Publicidad e Información, USAC; Americas Watch 1990: 18).
22 August 1989 Hugo Leonel Gramajo López, Political Science student and member of the AEU Executive Committee, is disappeared (Americas Watch 1990: 18).
23 August 1989 Aaron Ubaldo Ochoa student of Political Science and member of the AEU Executive Committee, is disappeared (División de Publicidad e Información, USAC; Americas Watch 1990: 18-19).
23 August 1989 Mario Arturo de León Méndez, Agronomy student and member of the AEU Executive Committee, is disappeared. De León, president of a student commission convened to study university reform, was disappeared after denouncing the forced disappearance of fellow AEU leaders in a press conference (Americas Watch 1990: 19).
25 August 1989 Communications student and AEU leader Hector Salvatierra is disappeared. He had received multiple death threats during the year (División de Publicidad e Información, USAC).
9 September 1989 Law student Carlos Leonel Chuta Camey, 30, and Humanities student and primary school teacher Carlos Humberto Cabrera Rivera, 48, are disappeared. Both served on the AEU Executive Committee during the 1987-88 period. On 11 September their tortured bodies appeared near the entrance to the University of San Carlos, along with those of two other students (see 21 August 1989) (División de Publicidad e Información, USAC; Americas Watch 1990: 16-17; El Periódico 16 September 1997).
10 September 1989 Eduardo Antonio López Palencia, Pharmacy and Chemical Sciences student and former member of the AEU Executive Committee, is kidnapped from a public bathroom in the La Placita market in zone 1. His body appeared on 15 September by the side of the highway in El Progreso (División de Publicidad e Información, USAC; Americas Watch 1990: 18).
3 November 1989 CUNOC student Werner Eduardo Perdomo Alvarez is kidnapped. Eight days later his body appears on the highway between Zacapa and Chiquimula (División de Publicidad e Información, USAC).
6 November 1989 Francisco Humberto Sánchez Guir, student at the University Francisco Marroquín, is killed by a gunshot wound to the head while getting into his car on the school's campus (CDHG archives).
8 December 1989 San Carlos student Marco Tulio Montenegro, one of the few AEU student leaders to have survived the August massacre, is captured. The next day his body is found beneath the El Incienso Bridge. Montenegro had been dismissed from the AEU leadership the same day as his disappearance, accused of financial wrongdoing. Anonymous student sources linked him to Edgar William Ligorría Hernández, president of the Law Students Association and the military intelligence agent who infiltrated the AEU and allegedly informed the army about the political activity of the massacre victims. They accused Montenegro of helping to arrange the kidnapping of fellow student leaders (Americas Watch 1990: 18; No Nos Tientes: 2 April 1993; El Periódico 16 September 1997; interviews).
1990:
27 February 1990 Medical student Denis Benjamín Díaz Arévelo is detained and disappeared by heavily armed men whom witnesses identified as members of the security forces (CDHG archives).
26 March 1990 four persons are kidnapped in zone 1 of the capital: Law students Juan Gustavo Herrera González, Fernando Rivera Ortiz and Oscar Emilio Echeverría. The other victim was identified only as José Humberto. The students had been collecting funds for the Huelga de Dolores. On 28 March all four bodies appeared on the highway between Escuintla and Antigua with signs of torture and strangulation. The Interior Ministry denied that security forces had participated in the massacre but also called the students "delinquents" (Prensa Libre: 29 March 1990; División de Publicidad e Información, USAC; Amnesty International 1991: 103).
6 April 1990 Agronomy student Diego Velásquez Ac is disappeared. He was captured in his car while leaving the city on a Friday afternoon shortly after the end of the Huelga de Dolores (CDHG archives).
24 April 1990 Víctor Humberto Velásquez Cifuentes, Law student at the Centro Universitario de San Marcos (CUSAM), is kidnapped. On 1 May his body appears bearing signs of torture and two bullet wounds (CDHG archives).
20 June 1990 the body of slain San Carlos student Rufino Sandoval Flores is exhumed and identified (CDHG archives).
20 June 1990 San Carlos student Carlos Enrique Alvarez is killed with a gunshot to the head (CDHG archives).
1 October 1990 Law student Jorge Ariel Castro Carrillo is shot to death. The Interior Ministry considered the murder a case of common crime, despite the fact that the victim's body was dumped on the San Carlos campus (Prensa Libre: 2 October 1990; CDHG archives).
2 October 1990 Veterinary Medicine student Carlos Enrique Lemus Orellana is shot to death in zone 1 (Prensa Libre: 3 October 1990).
22 November 1990 Omar Díaz López, student at the Centro Universitario de Occidente and forestry worker with the government's DIGEBOS program, is captured, allegedly by members of the National Police. Two days later his body appeared in San Marcos (Comisión para el Esclarecimiento Histórico 1999: case 8305).
1991:
26 February 1991 Pharmacy and Chemical Sciences student Celia Lourdes Rosales is kidnapped on her way to the University (División de Publicidad e Información, USAC).
In May 1991 San Carlos student Edgar Estuardo García Gómez is assassinated (AEU communiqué, April 1993).
22 June 1991 Law student Juan Carlos Bautista Morales is kidnapped in Escuintla (División de Publicidad e Información, USAC).
26 June 1991 San Carlos worker Oscar Oswaldo Luna Aceituna is killed in front of his house in zone 12 during a strike by his union, the STUSC (CDHG archives).
In July 1991 San Carlos student Carlos Bautista Morales is assassinated (AEU communiqué, April 1993).
In August 1991 San Carlos professor Mario René Tobar is killed (AEU communiqué, April 1993).
12 August 1991 Claudia Patricia Estrada Ochoa, Agronomy student at the Centro Universitario de Suroeste (CUNSUROC) is kidnapped in Mazatenango (División de Publicidad e Información, USAC).
25 August 1991 AEU leaders and Architecture students Amílcar Mendoza and Marlon Alexander Scott Molina, along with San Carlos student and member of the STINDE electrical workers' union Edwin Giovanni Hidalgo Jerez, are ambushed and killed by gunshots to the head while walking in zone 5 in the early morning hours. Both the AEU and STINDE leadership had recently received threats (Amnesty International 1992: 127; AEU communiqué, April 1993).
1992:
9 February 1992 Manuel Estuardo Peña, History professor and director of the Guatemalan Teachers' Association, is shot to death by men in civilian dress. Similar to Myrna Mack Chang, an anthropologist killed by army agents in 1990, Peña had worked closely with populations displaced by the armed conflict (Amnesty International 1993: 141).
13 February 1992 the body of Medical student Luis Solares Argueta is found in a plastic bag with a gunshot to the temple on the outskirts of the capital (CDHG archives).
10 April 1992 Humanities student Julio Rigoberto Cu Quim is shot to death and seven other students are wounded when agents from the Hunapú combined security force (made up of agents of the National Police, Mobile Military Police and the Treasury Police) open fire on the unarmed victims following a nighttime argument on the streets of zone 1. The University of San Carlos brought up charges against 31 Hunapú agents. They were each sentenced to six to twelve years in prison, but were soon freed on appeal (Amnesty International 1993: 141; Amnesty International 1994; interviews).
In May 1992 Engineering professor José Mateo Pinzón Cáceres is assassinated (AEU communiqué, April 1993).
4 May 1992 Danilo Porras Colorado, Law student and employee of the National Institute for Agrarian Transformation, is stabbed to death in zone 13 (Informe sobre la situación de derechos humanos en Guatemala 1993).
14 May 1992 Psychology student Juan José Aranda Paz is shot to death in zone 1 (Informe sobre la situación de derechos humanos en Guatemala 1993).
14 May 1992 Economics professor Andrés Ramírez Lara is ambushed outside of his house in zone 18 by two men who shot him at close range, killing him instantly. He had previously received a series of death threats (Prensa Libre: 15 May 1992; Informe sobre la situación de derechos humanos en Guatemala 1993).
31 May 1992 Veterinary Medicine professor Oscar Enrique Ponce Flores is shot to death (AEU communiqué, April 1993; Informe sobre la situación de derechos humanos en Guatemala 1993).
9 June 1992 San Carlos professor Raúl Morales Toledo, is shot to death in the early morning in the parking lot of the Super 24 convenience store in zone 2 (CDHG archives).
5 July 1992 Economics student Emilio González Guerra and Engineering students Luis Morales Zavala and Norman Rodríguez Valdizón are executed by armed men driving in an armored Chevrolet Suburban near a military checkpoint on the Boulevard Juan Pablo II that leads to the Guatemala City airport (CDHG archives; Informe sobre la situación de derechos humanos en Guatemala 1993).
In October 1992 San Carlos student Servio Tulio Taltique is assassinated (AEU communiqué, April 1993).
1993:
In 1993 San Carlos student Marta Ofelia García Florián is forcibly disappeared (AEU communiqué, April 1993).
28 March 1993 San Carlos student Luis Arturo Alvarez Concoba is kidnapped and then killed in the department of El Progreso (AEU communiqué, April 1993).
30 March 1993 Axel Santizo Herrera, professor at the Centro Universitario de Occidente (CUNOC), is shot to death in Quetzaltenango. Although he had told authorities of threats against his life, his request for protection had been denied (CDHG archives).
23 May 1993 Mario José Colindres, Medical student and organizer of the University's Jornadas Populares Médicas, is ambushed and killed in his car after finishing his shift in a medical clinic in a village in Santa Rosa (AEU communiqué 25 May 1993).
25 May 1993 José Oscar Tuchez Orozco, Agronomy professor at the Centro Universitario de Oriente (CUNORI), is killed by armed men who stop his car on the road to Chiquimulilla, Santa Rosa (Prensa Libre: May 1993).
20 June 1993 Nery Paz, leader of the AEU and member of the University Commission on the Environment, is attacked by members of the military and disappeared after an argument ensued among spectators watching a basketball game in El Rancho, El Progreso (AEU communiqué, 23 June 1993).
In August 1993 Economics student Obispo José Alberto Par is shot to death in zone 6 of the capital by men in a car with blackened windows (Siglo Veintiuno: 6 August 1993).
3 November 1993 Santiago Ramón Morales Escobar, Agronomy student at the CUNOC, is machine-gunned to death in his car. At the time of his death he was a leader of the PRAXIS student political party and an agricultural promoter for the Conference of Guatemalan Evangelical churches (CIEDEG) (CDHG archives).
1994:
17 June 1994 four bodies with bullet wounds and their hands tied are found near Villa Nueva, Guatemala. Two of the victims, Francisco Lacape Acevedo and Claudio Riley Merat, were students from the University Francisco Marroquín (CDHG archive).
11 November 1994: Law student Mario Alioto López Sánchez, bleeds to death in a hospital after being shot and severely beaten by the police. He was captured at the entrance to the University of San Carlos during a violent protest against an increase in the urban bus fare (Prensa Libre: 13 November 1994).
1995:
27 January 1995 Political Science professor Apolo Aristo Carranza Vallar is kidnapped while leaving his office at the Pan-American Health Organization. According to the United Nations Verification Mission to Guatemala (MINUGUA) his body was found on 19 February and buried as an unidentified corpse by municipal authorities in Santa Lucía Cotzamalguapa, Escuintla. On 29 May the body was exhumed and, using dental records, identified as Carranza Vallar. Authorities identified army colonel Mario Salvador López Serrano as a suspect in the case. At the time he was commander of the military base in Quiché and was suspended for his involvement in the Apolo Carranza murder and for his involvement in drug dealing and organized car theft. Legal files implicating López Serrano mysteriously disappeared from the offices of the police's Department of Criminal Investigations and the case has yet to move forward (Amnesty International 1997: 35-36; Prensa Libre: 6 February 1998).
1 March 1995 San Carlos students Marlon Cristián Vieira Rodríguez, Malcom Lapuente Mix and Ismael Alejandro Seijas González are kidnapped from the city center. Two days later the bullet-riddled bodies of Vieira Rodríguez and Lapuente Mix appeared. Marco Obdulio Melgar y Melgar, agent of the police's Department of Criminal Investigations, and Angel Estuardo Rosas Marroquín, were soon apprehended for their role in the crime (Prensa Libre: 4 and 5 March 1995).
4 March 1995 Marco Antonio Quezada Díaz, an employee of the Medical School, is found dead in Ciudad San Cristobal, Mixco. He had previously received death threats (Prensa Libre: 5 March 1995).
Students or professors for whom the year of disappearance or death is unknown:
Thelma Gloria Graziano Faillace and Raúl Molina Wolford, of the Humanities Faculty (Cáceres 1980: 180).
Mirza Cabrera is killed during the military regime of Kjell Laugerud, between 1970 and 1974 (Cáceres 1980: 209).
In 1980 or 1983 Danilo Chinchilla, worker in the Economics Faculty, is disappeared (Economics Faculty archives).
In 1980 or 1983 Luis Colindres, a History student who worked in the Economics Faculty, is disappeared (Siete Días en la USAC: 25 June 1979; Economics Faculty archives).
During the period of rector Saúl Osorio Paz, between 1978 and 1980, San Carlos student Oliverio García Rodas is killed by armed state agents acting under the control of police chief German Chupina Barahona (Prensa Libre: 6 August 1999).
