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The AAAS - Office of Research Integrity (ORI) Bibliography

This bibliography and resources guide were produced by staff and interns of the Scientific Freedom, Responsibility and Law Program at the American Association for the Advancement of Science in collaboration with staff from the U.S. Office of Research Integrity and consultant, Nicholas H. Steneck. It may be reproduced and distributed for non-profit, educational purposes without prior permission.

Select Bibliography and
Resources on the Responsible Conduct of Research, February 2005*

1. Training and Education

A.	General On-Line Resources	2
B.	Comprehensive On-Line Programs and Courses	3
C.	Focused On-Line Programs and Courses	8
D.	In-Person Training and Education	11
E.	Train-the-Trainer Programs	14

2. Resources

A.	General Books and Reports	15
B.	Additional Reading	19
1.	Responsible Conduct and RCR Education	19
2.	Research Misconduct	23
3.	Protection of Human Subjects	29
4.	Welfare of Laboratory Animals	30
5.	Conflict of Interests	31
6.	Data Management Practices	32
7.	Mentor and Trainee Responsibilities	33
8.	Collaborative Research	34
9.	Authorship and Publication	35
10.	Peer Review	37
C.	Policies, Codes and Guidelines	38
1.	General Policies, Codes and Guidelines	38
2.	Research Misconduct Policies	39
3.	Protection of Human Subjects	40
4.	Welfare of Laboratory Animals	41
5.	Conflict of Interests	42
6.	Data Management Practices	42
7.	Mentor and Trainee Responsibilities	43
8.	Collaborative Research	43
9.	Authorship and Publication	44
10.	Peer Review	44

3. Organizations

A.	Government	44
B.	Academic and Non-profit	46
C.	Professional Organizations and Journals	48
D.	For-profit	50

1. Training and Education
A. General On-Line Resources

American Association for the Advancement of Science. Integrity in Scientific Research.
http://www.aaas.org/spp/video/. Valid link, July 2007; last updated, n.d.
[V]ideos and [a] Discussion and Resource Guide [that] are designed to help improve the ability of scientists, post-doctoral fellows, undergraduate and graduate students, administrators, and technicians to develop informed and well-reasoned responses to ethical issues that arise in scientific research. These materials include five "trigger" videos, short dramatizations aimed at provoking discussion on a series of ethical issues confronting various participants in the research process, and this Discussion
and Resource Guide.

Case Western Reserve University. The Online Ethics Center for Engineering and Science.
http://onlineethics.org. Valid link, July 2007; last updated, n.d.
The Online Ethics Center for Engineering and Science at Case Western Reserve University addresses research ethics, moral leaders in science, and codes of ethics from around the world. Educational resources include instructional materials for research ethics, computer ethics and engineering ethics for both university and high school level students. The site also includes a place where scientists and engineers can pose specific ethics related problems that they are dealing with and ask for help interpreting them.

Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center. Biological and Medical Research Ethics.
http://www.columbia.edu/research/index.html. Valid link, July 2007; last updated, n.d.
This website, hosted by the Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center (CPMC), provides links to organizations and resources on the responsible conduct of research, research with human participants, research with vertebrate animals, conflict of interests, intellectual property, authorship, data ownership/data sharing, mentorship, federal resources, resources from academic/scholarly institutions, publications, and professional societies.

Indiana University. Poynter Center.
www.indiana.edu/~poynter/. Valid link, July 2007; last updated, January 5, 2005.
The Poynter Center at Indiana University deals with a wide range of ethical issues. The site includes links to the Center's publications and other resources in ethics. There is also a link to Moral Reasoning in Scientific Research: Cases for Teaching and Assessment, a booklet published by the Center that is intended to be used as an aid in teaching the responsible conduct of research.

National Institute of Health Bioethics Resources on the Web.
www.nih.gov/sigs/bioethics. Valid link, July 2007; last updated, January 2005.
This is the National Institute of Health's general bioethics resource site. The website contains links to a wide range of topics in bioethics, including specific topics in research ethics. There is a subtopic for responsible conduct of research, which has links to educational resources, government policies, organization positions, and research ethics tutorials.

---. IRB Review Standards, OHSR Info sheets, Forms, Etc. http://ohsr.od.nih.gov/info/. Valid link, July 2007; last updated, n.d.
Penslar, RL and National Institutes of Health (U.S.). Office for Protection from Research.

Office of Research Integrity. Responsible Conduct of Research Education.
http://ori.hhs.gov/education/. Valid link, July 2007; last updated, n.d.
The ORI offers an extensive website on materials pertaining to education in responsible conduct of research. The site has links to various sites in every area pertaining to the responsible conduct of research, and is a good starting point for institutions looking to commence or improve programs on teaching research ethics and responsibility.

Public Responsibility in Medicine and Research (PRIMandR).
www.primr.org. Valid link, July 2007; last updated, 2004.
PRIMandR is devoted to the advancement of strong research programs and the consistent application of ethical precepts in research and medicine. They address various issues in research ethics, including education in responsible conduct of research, scientific integrity, and conflict of interests issues, among others. The site includes their upcoming conferences, publications, news, and links to various other resources, which are organized according to specific issues in research ethics.

Responsible Conduct of Research Education Consortium (RCREC).
http://rcrec.org. Valid link, July 2007; last updated, n.d.
This website is the homepage for the RCREC and the Online Resource for RCR Instructors. It contains comprehensive resources for instructors in responsible conduct of research. The site includes appropriate goals for instructors, suggested reading topics and example teaching formats. There are also links to helpful texts, cases, and a discussion forum that instructors can use, as well as an extensive guide to evaluating the effectiveness of responsible conduct of research training courses.

B. Comprehensive On-Line Programs and Courses

The Association for Research Integrity. RCR Online Program.
http://www.phstrainer.com/. Valid link, July 2007; last updated, n.d.
The Association for Research Integrity provides this online instructional course on the responsible conduct of research and human subject assurance training. It covers nine RCR core instructional areas and maintains documentation for training completed.

California State University, Long Beach. Responsible Conduct of Research Orientation Program.
http://www.csulb.edu/divisions/aa/research/our/compliance/orientation/. Valid link, July 2007; last updated, 2002.
On-line RCR training program that covers human subjects, animal care and use, research misconduct, and conflict of interests.

CITI. CITI Collaborative IRB Training Initiative.
http://www6.miami.edu/citireg/ Login Required. Valid link, July 2007; last updated, n.d.
The CITI program site provides a comprehensive selection of educational modules that can be used to satisfy institutional instructional mandates in the protection of human research subjects. The modules include: 17 basic modules focused on biomedical research, 11 basic modules focused on social and behavioral research, and Continuing Education (CE) modules for biomedical researchers who have completed the basic modules

Duke University Medical Center. Research Ethics Education and Resources.
http://researchethics.mc.duke.edu. Valid link, July 2007; last updated, n.d.
This Duke University Medical Center site includes basic education and resources in research ethics, particularly the protection of human subjects. The continuing education modules include: a module on research in emergency settings, a fundamental module on protecting research subjects, and modules on children involved as research subjects, marketing medications, informed consent, prisoners involved as participants in research, confidentiality, social science research in a medical setting, using databases in research, and what counts as research with human subjects.

Medical College of Ohio. Training.
http://www.mco.edu/research/training.html. Valid link, July 2007; last updated, January 5, 2002.
Comprehensive site with extensive information and links to other sites. Offers three basic modules for MCO staff only: Animal Research, Protection of Human Research Subjects, and Responsible Conduct of Research.

North Carolina State University. Instructional Modules in Research Ethics.
http://www.fis.ncsu.edu/Grad/ethics/. Valid link, July 2007; last updated, n.d.
Includes modules on: introduction, an introduction to research ethics, responsible authorship and peer review, the mentoring of graduate students, animal subjects in research, professional responsibility and codes of conduct, human participants in research, rightdoing and misconduct in research, intellectual property, copyright, ethical issues in the use of statistics, and science and the media.

Oregon Health and Science University. Research Development and Administration.
Responsible Conduct of Research Education.
http://www.ohsu.edu/research/rda/rcr.shtml. Valid link, July 2007; last updated, October 29, 2003.
Includes modules on contracts, conflict of interests, and conflict of commitments, sponsored projects, scientific integrity, intellectual property, research with RDNA and/or viral vectors, animal research, human subjects research, infectious material shipping, and completion of the training.

Stanford University. Principal Investigator Responsibilities at Stanford University.
http://www.stanford.edu/dept/DoR/PIship/. Valid link, July 2007; last updated, n.d.
Designed primarily for new researchers, the website contains modules and tests that cover responsible conduct of research; environmental health and safety; protection of research subjects (human and animal); conflict of interests; publication; data and intellectual property; scientific integrity; financial management: the cost principles; OMB Circular A-21, award terms and conditions, administrative salaries and other clerical expenses, effort and salaries, documenting allocability, monitoring project spending, equipment, project closeout, and resources: who to call, where to look.

University of Alaska Fairbanks. Scientific Integrity: A Program in the Responsible Conduct of Research.
http://www.uaf.edu/ori/Integrity/RCR_Resources.htm Valid link, July 2007; last updated, November 6, 2002.
This auto-tutorial educational program, Scientific Integrity, provides a broad overview of the core areas considered important for the Responsible Conduct of Research. The program contains modules on: data acquisition, management, sharing and ownership; mentor/trainee relationships; publication practices and responsible authorship; peer review; collaborative science; human subjects; research involving live vertebrates; research misconduct; conflict of interests and commitment.

University of California. San Diego. Scientific Integrity: An On-line Course in Responsible Conduct of Research.
http://ethics.ucsd.edu/courses/integrity/resources.html. Valid link, July 2007; last updated, n.d. This course is designed to cover a range of topics typically included in instruction about responsible conduct of research. Although it is intended to be appropriate to meet NIH training grant requirements for such instruction, it is up to the individual Program Director and his/her funding institute to determine whether this form of instruction will meet those requirements. Topics covered include: UCSD Research Ethics Program, UCSD Human Research Protections Program, UCSD Animal Subjects Program, and UCSD Conflicts of Interest Office.

University of Michigan. Office of the Vice President for Research. Program for Education and Evaluation in Responsible Research and Scholarship (PEERRS).
http://www.research.umich.edu/training/peerrs.html. Valid link, July 2007; last updated, n.d.
PEERRS is a web-based foundational instruction and certification program for members of the University community engaged in or associated with research. All UM faculty, staff and students are invited to use the modules and certification tests to improve their knowledge and awareness of responsible research practices.
Modules include: foundations of responsible research conduct, research administration, conflict of interests, human research, and animal research.

University of Minnesota. Office of the Vice President for Research and Dean of the Graduate School. Teaching Ethics for Research, Scholarship, and Practice. http://www.research.umn.edu/ethics/ Valid link, July 2007; last updated, January 14, 1999.
This site is a compendium of resources pertinent to the teaching of ethical conduct in research and scholarship. At its core is a database that provides quick access to instructional materials designed for use in the classroom. The materials are categorized by ethical issue, discipline, and format. Active training modules include: history and values relating to research and scholarship; social responsibility, scientific fraud and reporting misconduct; authorship; plagiarism; peer review; research data management; intellectual property; conflict of interests; environmental health and safety; animal subjects; human subjects.

University of Montana. Online Research Ethics Course.
http://www.umt.edu/research/ethics/research_ethics.html. Valid link, July 2007; last updated, n.d.
The University of Montana offers this online course to promote the responsible conduct of research. The web-based instruction covers six sections: ethical issues in research, interpersonal responsibility, institutional responsibility, professional responsibility, animals in research, and human participation in research.

University of Nebraska Medical Center. Research Ethics.
http://www.unmc.edu/ethics. Valid link, July 2007; last updated, January 19, 2000.
This course has adopted the problem-based approach to ethics instruction because discussion of cases permits discussants to explore their own personal value systems, frame particular problems within those systems, and compare their responses with those of others. To complete course, the students go through and respond to each of the problems in each area. There are 50 problems across the 10 topic areas. Topics covered include: experimental design and data collection, processing and publication, conflict of interests, use of human subjects in research, use of animals in research, copyrights, licenses and patents, use of funds and property, teacher-student interactions, harassment, university-industry relationships, appropriate responses to perceived misconduct.

University of New Hampshire. Responsible Conduct of Research.
http://www.unh.edu/rcr/. Valid link, July 2007; last updated, n.d.
Contains modules on: introduction responsible conduct in research, human subjects, animal subjects, authorship, misconduct, data management, conflict of interests, hazardous materials, mentoring, peer review, and collaborative research. [ed.]

University of Pennsylvania. Office of the Vice-Provost for Research. Services for
Researchers: Responsible Conduct of Research. http://www.upenn.edu/research/rcr/. Valid link, July 2007; last updated, n.d.
For convenience, we have divided RCR into thirteen areas for education, training, certification, and compliance. Modules include: introduction; data acquisition, management, sharing, and ownership; materials: their ownership, and material transfer agreements; intellectual property, copyrights, patents, licenses, and technology transfer; authorship and publication practices; peer review; mentor/trainee responsibilities, and collaborative science; human subjects; research involving animals; environmental safety: radiation, chemicals, and microbial agents; research misconduct; conflict of interests; preparing grant proposals; research administration: financial and personnel management.

University of Pittsburgh. Education and Certification Program in Research and Practice
Fundamentals (RPF). http://rpf.health.pitt.edu. Valid link, July 2007; last updated, n.d.
The Education and Certification Program in Research and Practice Fundamentals (RPF) is the result of an observed need for the University of Pittsburgh to develop an on-line education and certification program in the fundamentals of research. The RPF program has been designed to provide training to individuals at the University of Pittsburgh, and its affiliated institutions, who wish to participate in research activities. Modules include: research integrity; human subjects research; use of laboratory animals in research and education; conflict of interests; human embryonic and fetal stem cell research; HIPPA researchers privacy requirements; HIPPA staff privacy awareness training.

University of Texas at Arlington. Office of Research. Compliance Training Modules
Available Online. http://compliance.uta.edu/training/practice_presentation.php. Login Required. Valid link, July 2007; last updated, 2004.
Contains modules on: confidential information, accuracy of records, and retention and disposal of records; contacts with the media, government and outside investigators; contracts, agreements and purchasing; copyright and intellectual property; effectively controlling risks; fair labor standards act and family medical leave act; fraud, errors and omissions; outside employment and financial interests; human subjects involved in research: tier I; introduction to the UTA institutional compliance program; political activities and contributions; gifts and gratuities; responsibility, safeguarding, and disposing of university property; sexual harassment, sexual misconduct, and equal employment opportunities; use of state property; computers: security and use; internet policy; workplace health and safety and drug free workplace; endowments; health insurance portability and accountability act (HIPAA); human subjects involved in research: tier II.

Wayne State University. Responsible Conduct in Research On-Line Training Program.
http://www.hic.wayne.edu/. Valid link, July 2007; last updated, n.d.
Contains modules on: vertebrate animals, human participants, and research misconduct. Some features are available only to Wayne State staff, but anyone with an email address can access the main training material.

C. Focused on-line programs and courses

Association for Research Integrity. RCR Online Program. http://www.phstrainer.com/. Valid link: July 2007; last updated, n.d.
The Association for Research Integrity provides administrators of Institutional Review Boards and Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees with an Online Instruction Program that documents compliance with the PHS policy on Instruction in the Responsible Conduct of Research. Human Subject Assurance training is also available to IRB officials. Institutional and individual accounts are available.

Family Health International. Research Ethics Training Curriculum.
http://www.fhi.org/en/RH/Training/trainmat/ethicscurr/index.htm. Valid link, July 2007; last updated, n.d.
FHI developed the Research Ethics Training Curriculum for international scientists who conduct research that includes human participants and who want to incorporate fundamental ethical considerations in the design and implementation of their studies. Modules are available in English, French and Spanish.

Harvard School of Public Health. Ethical Issues in International Health Research
www.hsph.harvard.edu/bioethics. Valid link, July 2007; last updated, August 28, 2003.
The Harvard School of Public Health established this website to deal with ethical issues in international health research. The site addresses several issues in research, including principles of research ethics and includes questions to provoke thought, further readings, related websites, and cases concerning principles of research ethics, informed consent, responsibility to the study community, mechanisms of approval, and the role of funders.

Health Care Compliance Strategies. Research Compliance: Human Subjects.
http://register.hccs.com/info_requests/frm_request.asp. Valid link, July 2007; last updated, n.d.
Created by Health Care Compliance Strategies, in collaboration with Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, the City of Hope National Medical Center, and the State University of New York. The modules at this research compliance website provide an overview of key compliance issues related to human subject protection. They cover the regulatory framework, HIPAA, the roles and responsibilities of various individuals and committees involved in clinical research, and informed consent.

Howard Hughes Medical Institute. Knowing How to Practice Safe Science.
http://www.practicingsafescience.org/. Valid link, July 2007; last updated, n.d.
This is an on-line course on laboratory safety. [ed.] Practicing safe science is everybody's business. It is a matter of teamwork and personal responsibility. This course provides practical guidance to help you do your part to demonstrate that safe science and good science are inseparable.

Indiana University. The Least of My Brothers.
http://poynter.indiana.edu/sas/lb/. Valid link, July 2007; last updated, July 21, 2004.
This is an on-line module or short course in the ethics of research with human subjects. It specifically deals with the ethical issues surrounding the PHS Syphilis Study at Tuskegee and presents it in module format for use by teachers and researchers.

Indiana University PUI and Indiana University Bloomington. Responsible Conduct of Research. http://www.indiana.edu/~rcr/. Valid link, July 2007; last updated, February 6, 2003.
A site developed to meeting anticipated training requirements for the responsible conduct of research. Current training limited to human-subjects research and includes basic training, a test, and survey for comments.

Indiana University, School of Education. Understanding Plagiarism.
http://education.indiana.edu/~frick/plagiarism/. Valid link, July 2007; last updated, September 17, 2002.
Two on-line modules on plagiarism: 1) A short quiz with immediate feedback to test understandings of plagiarism based on the Indiana University definition, and 2) a longer tutorial with cases and tests that explore different types of plagiarism. [ed.]

National Institutes of Health. Human Participant Protections Education for Research
Teams. http://cme.nci.nih.gov. Valid link, July 2007; last updated, n.d.
As part of its commitment to the protection of human participants, the NIH has developed this tutorial: "Human Participant Protections: Education for Research Teams." This course offers one option to fulfill the obligation for education in the area of human participant protection. Available to NIH staff only.

National Institutes of Health. Clinical Research Training, National Institutes of Health.
http://www.nihtraining.com/cc/crt/indexvideo.html. Valid link, July 2007; last updated, n.d. Available to NIH staff only.

National Institutes of Health. Research Training Opportunities: Short Courses in Research Ethics.
http://grants.nih.gov/training/t15.htm. Valid link, July 2007; last updated, July 2, 2003.
On May 16, 1997, during his apology to the victims of the Tuskegee Syphilis Study, President Bill Clinton mandated an initiative that led to short-term courses in research ethics. This site lists all of the projects funded under this initiative, along with contact information for the directors of each program.

North Carolina State University. Contemporary Science, Values and Animal Subjects in Research.
http://www4.ncsu.edu/~jherkert/ori/. Valid link, July 2007; last updated, March 2004.
This site, developed at North Carolina State University, is an Office of Research Integrity (ORI) sponsored project. It is intended to be both a learning tutorial and a clearing house. Ethics and the use of animals in research is an enormous topic: this site is an introduction both to the central issues and the information resources available. The format is the same throughout each tutorial, an essay with numerous links to further websites. Think of the essay as an extended annotated bibliography
with the written text suggesting connections between the online materials. Study Questions found at the end of each Tutorial or section of a Tutorial in Part I: Ethics and Part III: Mini-Lessons are intended either for self study or for group or class/lab use at your institution. This site is under construction and continually being revised; please inform the authors of any questions, concerns, or glitches.

Office for Human Research Protections. Human Subject Assurance Training.
http://ohrp-ed.od.nih.gov/CBTs/Assurance/login.asp. Valid link, July 2007; last updated, n.d.
The Institutional Official who signs the FWA, Chair of the Institutional Review Board (IRB), and the Human Protections Administrator primary contact at the institution must understand the responsibilities involved in an institutional program of human subject protection. The purpose of this tutorial is to explain these responsibilities, as well as the informed consent process. OHRP recommends completion of the modules before an FWA is submitted to OHRP.

Office of Human Subjects Research (OHSR).
http://ohsr.od.nih.gov/index.html Valid link, July 2007; last updated, n.d.
The OHSR is part of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). This website highlights important regulations and ethical guidelines related to human subjects research. It includes a link to computer-based training to help improve one's understanding of those guidelines, plus links to the Human Subjects Research Advisory Committee proceedings and links to the NIH, FDA, OHRP and other sites.

St. John's University. A Guide to Ethical Writing.
http://facpub.stjohns.edu/~roigm/plagiarism. Valid link, July 2007; last updated, n.d.
St. John's University offers this instructional guide on how to identify and prevent unethical writing practices. The website offers discussion on topics including plagiarism, self-plagiarism, authorship issues, conflicts of interests, and inappropriate citations.

St. John's University. Avoiding plagiarism, self-plagiarism, and other questionable writing practices: A guide to ethical writing, by Miguel Roig, PhD. http://facpub.stjohns.edu/~roigm/plagiarism/. Valid link, July 2007; last updated, n.d.

Tulane University Medical Center. Ethical Conduct of Human Subject Research: A Computer-based Learning Program for Investigators.
http://www.som.tulane.edu/irb/program/. Valid link, July 2007; last updated, n.d.
This program is designed as an educational resource for investigators using human subjects at Tulane. The purpose is to optimize the protection of subjects, investigators, and the university. The program consists of about 100 slides that provide lessons on multiple project assurance, roles and responsibilities, cases, and history.

University of California, Los Angeles. Protecting Human Research Subjects.
http://training.arc.ucla.edu. Valid link, July 2007; last updated n.d.
The University of California at Los Angeles provides this site for its online course and certification in human subjects research in order to comply with NIH regulations that mandate that all key personnel must be certified before submitting grant applications or contract proposals. The site is primarily for UCLA students, faculty, and staff.

University of Miami. Human Subjects Research Training.
http://www.miami.edu/citireg. Valid link, July 2007; last updated, February 6, 2003.
The University of Miami and The Collaborative IRB Training Initiative (CITI) have created this web-based educational course on human subjects protection. The website course contains 14 different modules, each with an accompanying quiz.

University of Pittsburgh. Internet-Based Studies in Research and Education.
https://cme.hs.pitt.edu/servlet/IteachControllerServlet?actiontotake=displaymainpage. Valid link, July 2007; last updated, n.d.
Contains different modules that meet different requirements. Modules include a module on chemical hygiene training and a module on bloodborne pathogens.

D. In-Person Training and Education

Albert Einstein College of Medicine. Embedding Ethics in a Training Program in Clinical Research Methods.
http://www.aecom.yu.edu/crtp/page.aspx?id=1352&ekmensel=240_submenu_246_btnlink Valid link, July 2007; last updated, n.d.
The Albert Einstein College of Medicine designed this course to cover multiple issues dealing with research ethics. The site includes a course overview, basic modules, and final exams, as well as additional resources and a bibliography page. The site also contains information about other training opportunities.

Indiana Unviersity. An Internet-based Seminar on the Ethics of Research with Human Subjects.
http://poynter.indiana.edu/sas/about.html. Valid link, July 2007; last updated, n.d.
This is an internet-based seminar conducted by Indiana University's Poynter Center. The seminar lasts for nine weeks and is limited to 30 participants. There is a one week introductory orientation followed by two week modules on each of the four topics for a total of nine weeks. The seminar covers topics in human experimentation; the Belmont Report and implementing the three principles articulated therein; informed consent; and therapeutic obligations in research.

Johns Hopkins University. Research Ethics Course.
http://www.hopkinscme.net/CORE.html Valid link, July 2007; last updated, n.d.
This course presents issues in the responsible conduct of research, including research ethics, academic ethics, data management, data ownership, guidelines of professional conduct, research fraud, and conflict of interests, and explains federal and institutional guidelines related to research using human and animal subjects. Sessions include case studies of ethical issues involving research fraud, vulnerable subjects in research, confidentiality, the Institutional Review Board (IRB), and the Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC).

Stanford University. Responsible Conduct of Research Course.
http://postdocs.stanford.edu/education/ethics.html. Valid link, July 2007; last updated, January 2005.
The Responsible Conduct of Research Course is an overview of the major ethical issues in research: authorship, intellectual property, and peer review; conflict of interests and commitment in the relationship between academia and industry; research involving human subjects: historical overview, ethical theory, and Stanford guidelines; ethics and use of animals in research; and "The Responsible Conduct of Science," a journal editor's perspective.

University of California at San Diego. Research Ethics Program.
http://ethics.ucsd.edu. Valid link, July 2007; last updated, n.d.
The Research Ethics Program at the University of California at San Diego offers a wide variety of seminars, workshops and courses in research ethics. The site lists the current courses and events and also serves as a general source of information on research ethics. It also provides information concerning rules and guidelines in the practice of ethical research, in addition to links to other resources on the subject.

University of Maryland. Office of Research Administration and Advancement.
http://www.umresearch.umd.edu/ORAA/workshops/faculty.html. Valid link, July 2007; last updated, n.d.
This is the faculty RCR workshop page. It includes the agenda and all of the presentations from the April 2004 Responsible Conduct in Research workshop.

The University of Montana. Practical Ethics Center.
www.umt.edu/ethics/. Valid link, July 2007; last updated, December 1, 2004.
The University of Montana's Practical Ethics Center offers a variety of services to improve the quality of teaching and research in all areas of applied ethics. The site offers listings of the University's Seminar Series in Practical Ethics, links to other ethics centers, and a link to their newsletter. There is also information about the University's summer courses in ethics.

University of South Florida. Ethics in Research Focusing on Behavioral Health Sciences: An Intensive Training Course.
http://www.fmhi.usf.edu/mhlp/training/ethics/ethics.html. Valid link, July 2007; last updated, n.d.
The University of South Florida designed these courses in research ethics under a new initiative to teach ethically responsible research. The website offers information about upcoming courses, including background, registration, faculty, and scholarship information. They offer a four-day course that focuses on informed consent, decisional capacity, competency, diversity, multicultural perspectives, confidentiality, privacy, and data ownership, among other topics.

Virginia Commonwealth University. Responsible Conduct of Research.
http://www.research.vcu.edu/vpr/resources/rcr.htm. Valid link, July 2007; last updated, n.d.
Virginia Commonwealth University established this site on responsible conduct of research as an educational resource. It contains information on a course the university offers on scientific integrity, as well as information regarding both VCU policy and procedure on intellectual property, ethics in computing, and misconduct in research, and federal policy on research misconduct and educational requirements for trainees and others involved in human subjects research.

E. Train-the trainer programs

Duke University. Teaching Chemical Ethics: Resources for University Educators.
http://www.lib.duke.edu/chem/ethics/index.html. Valid link, July 2007; last updated, February 2000.
This site is designed as a guide for university professors or lab managers wanting to incorporate research ethics into their courses. It focuses on maintaining the integrity of research processes, and is applicable to advanced undergraduate students as well as beginning graduate level students.

Indiana University Bloomington. Teaching Research Ethics.
http://poynter.indiana.edu/tre/ Valid link, July 2007; last updated, January 13, 2004.
The workshop has the potential to have a significant impact on universities throughout the country, affecting faculty, students, and the institutions as a whole. Faculty participating in the workshop will be able to design syllabi or course units integrating substantive issues in research ethics and will gain competence and confidence in teaching research ethics. Students of participating faculty will develop better moral reasoning skills and will be better able to recognize and act on ethical issues. Institutions of participating faculty will build a greater commitment to, and expertise and history in, incorporating research ethics in science curricula.

University of Minnesota. Teaching Ethics for Research, Scholarship and Practice.
www.research.umn.edu/ethics. Valid link, July 2007; last updated, 1999.
This website at the University of Minnesota is a resource for those teaching ethics regarding research, scholarship and practice. The site offers curriculum in thirteen areas of interest in regards to research ethics, including social responsibility, fiscal responsibility, and the history of ethics. The site also offers a database of instructional tools such as books, articles, course syllabi, web tutorials, videotapes, and films. There is also a list of outside links to support efforts aimed at teaching research ethics.

University of Pittsburgh. Survival Skills and Ethics Program. http://www.survival.pitt.edu/events/trainer.asp. Valid link, July 2007; last
updated, n.d.
We offer an annual trainer-of-trainers workshop on Teaching Survival Skills and Ethics. This workshop is designed for individuals who want to establish a course in survival skills and/or ethics at their institution. Throughout the workshop, special emphasis is placed on the topics of integrating instruction in ethics throughout the curriculum, providing information on expanding job opportunities for our students, and discussions on improving institutional climate.

2. Resources
A partial list of books, general articles on RCR education, and the nine core areas

A. General Books and Reports

Altman, E and Hernon, P, Eds. (1997). Research Misconduct: Issues, Implications, and Strategies. Greenwich, CT: Ablex Publishing Corporation.

American Association for the Advancement of Science (1988). Project on Scientific Fraud and Misconduct: Report on Workshop Number One. Washington, DC: American Association for the Advancement of Science.

American Association for the Advancement of Science (1989). Project on Scientific Fraud and Misconduct: Report on Workshop Number Two. Washington, DC: American Association for the Advancement of Science.

American Association for the Advancement of Science (1989). Project on Scientific Fraud and Misconduct: Report on Workshop Number Three. Washington, DC: American Association for the Advancement of Science.

Association for Practical and Professional Ethics (1996). Research Ethics: Cases and Commentaries. Bloomington, IN, APPE.

Bailar, JC. III, et al., Eds. (1990). Ethics and Policy in Scientific Publication. The Committee on Editorial Policy, Council of Biology Editors. Bethesda, MD: Council of Biology Editors.

Barnbaum, DR and Byron, M (2001). Research Ethics: Text and Readings. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.

Beach, D (1996). The Responsible Conduct of Research. New York, NY: VCH Publishers.

Bowie, NE (1994). University-Business Partnerships: An Assessment. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers.

Braxton, JM, Ed. (1999). Perspectives on Scholarly Misconduct in the Sciences. Columbus, Ohio: Ohio State University Press.

Braxton, JM and Bayer, AE (1999). Faculty Misconduct in Collegiate Teaching. Baltimore, Maryland: The Johns Hopkins University Press.

Bulger, RE, Heitman, E, et al. (2002). The Ethical Dimensions of the Biological and Health Sciences. Cambridge, U.K., New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.

Burroughs Wellcome Fund and Howard Hughes Medical Institute (2004). Making the Right Moves: A Practical Guide to Scientific Management for Postdocs and New Faculty. Chevy Chase, MD: HHMI.

Callahan, D and Bok, S (1980). Ethics Teaching in Higher Education. New York: Plenum Press.

Elliott, D and Stern, JE (1997). Research Ethics: A Reader. Hanover, NH: University Press of New England for the Institute for the Study of Applied and Professional Ethics at Dartmouth College.

Erwin, E, Gendin, S, and Kleiman, L (1994). Ethical Issues in Scientific Research: An Anthology. New York, NY: Garland Pub.

Foss, KE and Lathrop, A (2000). Student Cheating and Plagiarism in the Internet Era: A Wake-up Call for Educators and Parents. Englewood, Colorado: Libraries Unlimited.

Francis, JR (1989). "The Credibility and Legitimation of Science: A Loss of Faith in the Scientific Narrative." Accountability in Research 1: 5-22.

Garrod, A, Ed. (1993). Approaches to Moral Development: New Research and Emerging Themes. New York, NY: Teachers College Press.

Gorlin, RA, Ed. (1999). Codes of Professional Responsibility. Fourth Edition, Washington, DC: The Bureau of National Affairs.

Grayson, L (1995). Scientific Deception: An Overview and Guide to the Literature on Misconduct and Fraud in Scientific Research. London, U.K.: The British Library.

Grinnell, F (1992). The Scientific Attitude, Second Edition. New York, NY: The Guilford Press.

Guston, DH (2000). Between Politics and Science: Assuring the Integrity and Productivity of Research. Cambridge, U.K., New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.

Institute of Medicine (2002). Integrity in Scientific Research: Creating an Environment that Promotes Responsible Conduct. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.

Institute of Medicine (1989). The Responsible Conduct of Research in the Health Sciences. Washington, DC: National Academies of Science.

Judson, HF (2004). The Great Betrayal: Fraud in Science. New York: Harcourt, Inc.

Koocher, GP and Keith-Spiegel, P (1998). Ethics in Psychology: Professional Standards and Cases. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

Korenman, SG and Shipp, AC, Eds. (1994). Teaching Responsible Conduct of Research Through A Case Study Approach: A Handbook for Instructors. Washington,
DC: Association of American Medical Colleges.

LaFollette, MC (1992). Stealing Into Print: Fraud, Plagiarism, and Misconduct in Scientific Publishing. Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press.

LaPidus, JB and Mishkin, B (1991). "Values and Ethics in the Graduate Education of Scientists," in William W. May (Ed.). Ethics and Higher Education. New York, NY: Macmillan Publishing Co.

Lock, S and Wells, F, Eds. (1996). Fraud and Misconduct in Medical Research. London, U.K.: BMJ Books.

Loue, S (2000). Textbook of Research Ethics, Theory and Practice. New York, NY: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers.

Macrina, FL (2000). Scientific Integrity: An Introductory Text with Cases, Second Edition. Washington, DC: ASM Press.

Miller, DJ and Hersen, M, Eds. (1992). Research Fraud in the Behavioral and Biomedical Sciences. New York: Wiley and Sons.

National Academy of Sciences (1995). On Being a Scientist, Committee on the Conduct of Science, 2nd Edition. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.

Nelkin, D (1984). Science As Intellectual Property: Who Controls Scientific Research? New York: Macmillan Publishing Co.

Panel on Scientific Responsibility and the Conduct of Research, National Academy of Sciences, National Academy of Engineering, Institute of Medicine (1993). Responsible Science: Ensuring the Integrity of the Research Process, Volume II. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.

Panel on Scientific Responsibility and the Conduct of Research, National Academy of Sciences, National Academy of Engineering, Institute of Medicine (1992). Responsible Science: Ensuring the Integrity of the Research Process, Volume 1. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.

Penslar, RL, Ed. (1995). Research Ethics: Cases and Materials. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press.

Report of the Committee on Academic Responsibility (1992). Fostering Academic Integrity. Boston, MA: Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

Resnik, DB (1998). The Ethics of Science: An Introduction. London, New York: Routledge.

Rest, JR and Narvez, D, Eds. (1994). Moral Development in the Professions: Psychology and Applied Ethics. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Shamoo, AE and Resnik, DB (2003). Responsible Conduct of Research. New York: Oxford University Press.

Shrader-Frechette, K (1994). Ethics of Scientific Research. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers.

Sieber, JE, Ed. (1991). Sharing Social Science Data: Advantages and Challenges. Newbury Park, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc.

Sigma Xi (1993). Ethics, Values, and the Promise of Science. Research Triangle Park, NC: Sigma Xi.

Sigma Xi (1986). Honor in Science. University of Pittsburgh. University of Pittsburgh Resource for RCR. http://www.pitt.edu/~provost/ethresearch.html. Valid link, March 2004; last updated, n.d.

Steneck, NH and Zinn, D (2004). ORI Introduction to the Responsible Conduct of Research. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.

Stern, JE and Elliott, D (1997). The Ethics of Scientific Research: A Guidebook for Course Development. Hanover, NH: University Press of New England.

Teich, AH and Frankel, MS (1992). Good Science and Responsible Scientists: Meeting the Challenge of Fraud and Misconduct in Science. Washington, DC: American
Association for the Advancement of Science.

Weil, V and Snapper, JW, Eds. (1989). Owning Scientific and Technical Information: Value and Ethical Issues. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.

Wells, FO, Lock, S, et al., Eds. (2001). Fraud and Misconduct in Biomedical Research. London, U.K.: BMJ Books.

Whitbeck, C (1998). Ethics in Engineering Practice and Research. Cambridge, U.K., New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.

B. Additional Reading

1. Responsible Conduct and RCR Education

Alberts, B and Shine, K (1994). "Scientists and the Integrity of Research." Science, 266: 1660-1661.

Bebeau, MJ and Holt, SC (1996). "Proceedings of a Symposium, Toward Responsible Research Conduct: the Role of Scientific Societies." Journal of Dental Research 75(2): 823-4.

Bebeau, MJ and Thoma, SJ (1994). "The Impact of a Dental Ethics Curriculum on Moral Reasoning," Journal of Dental Education, 58: 684-692.

Bernstein, D (1999). "American Pediatric Society/Society for Pediatric Research code of Responsible Conduct of Research." Pediatric Research 45(5 Pt 1): 613-4.

Bird, SJ (2001). "Mentors, Advisors and Supervisors: Their Role in Teaching Responsible Research Conduct." Science and Engineering Ethics 7(4): 455-68.

Bird, SJ and Sprague, RL (2001). "Mentoring and the Responsible Conduct of Research: Reflections and Future." Science and Engineering Ethics 7(4): 451-3.

Birnbaum, LS, and Culpepper, BT (1999). " Research Integrity: A Government Perspective." Professional Ethics 7: 59-69.

Bivens, LW (1991). "Responsible Conduct of Research." ASHA 33(9): 34-6.

Blair, C and Schaffer, W (1991). "Promotion of the Responsible Conduct of Research." NIH Peer Review Notes, 4-6.

Bok, DC (1976). "Can Ethics Be Taught?" Change, 26-30.

Brown, S and Kalichman, MW (1998). "Effects of Training in the Responsible Conduct of Research: A Survey of Graduate Students in Experimental Sciences." Science and Engineering Ethics 4(4): 487-498.

Bulger, RE (1994). "Toward a Statement of the Principles Underlying Responsible Conduct in Biomedical Research." Academic Medicine 69(2): 102-7.

Cassidy, MM (2000). "Introduction: Forum on Responsible Conduct in Biomedical Research." Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine 224(4): 203-4.

Davis, T (1996). "Responsible Conduct in Research: Recent Policy Developments in the Area of Research Integrity." Canadian Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing 7(2): 21-4.

Eastwood, S, Derish, P, et al. (1996). "Ethical Issues in Biomedical Research: Perceptions and Practices of Postdoctoral Research Fellows Responding to a Survey." Science and Engineering Ethics 2(1): 89-114.

Fischbach, RL and Gilbert, DC (1995). "The Ombudsman for Research Practice: A Proposal for a New Position and an Invitation to Comment." Science and Engineering Ethics 1: 389-402.

Fischer, BA and Zigmond, MJ (2001). "Promoting Responsible Conduct in Research Through "Survival Skills" Workshops: Some Mentoring is Best Done in a Crowd." Science and Engineering Ethics 7(4): 563-87.

Frankel, MS and Bird, S (2003). "Introduction: The Role of Scientific Societies in Promoting Research Integrity." Science and Engineering Ethics 9(2): 139-140.

Frankel, MS (2002). "Research Ethics Educations: Setting the Bar." CGS Communicator 35:1-2, 7.

Frankel, MS (2000). "Scientific Societies as Sentinels of Responsible Research Conduct." Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine 224(4): 216-9.

Friedman, PJ (1993). "Integrity in Biomedical Research." Academic Medicine 68 (Supplement 3): S1 -S 102.

Frugoli, JA (2001). "Commentary on 'Mentors, Advisors and Supervisors: Their Role in Teaching Responsible Research Conduct': It Really Does Take a Village." Science and Engineering Ethics 7(4): 469-70.

Garte, SJ (1995). "Guidelines for Training in the Ethical Conduct of Scientific Research." Science and Engineering Ethics 1(1): 59-60.

Grinnell, F (1999). "Ambiguity, Trust, and the Responsible Conduct of Research." Science and Engineering Ethics 5(2): 205-14.

Gunsalus, CK (1993). "Institutional Structures to Ensure Research Integrity." Science and Engineering Ethics 68(9): 33-38.

Gunsalus, CK (1997). "Ethics: Sending Out the Message." Science 276: 335.

Hansson, MG (2000). "Protecting Research Integrity." Science and Engineering Ethics, 6: 79-90.

Hoshiko, T (1993). "Responsible Conduct of Scientific Research: A One-Semester Course for Graduate Students." American Journal of Physiology 264(6 Pt 3): S8-10.

Ingham, JC (2003). "Research Ethics 101: The Responsible Conduct of Research." Seminars in Speech and Language 24(4): 323-37.

Kalichman, MW and Friedman, PJ (1992). "A Pilot Study of Biomedical Trainees' Perceptions Concerning Research Ethics." Academic Medicine 67(11): 769-775.

King, J (1999). "The Scientific Endeavor is Based on Vigilance, Not Trust: Commentary on "Ambiguity, Trust, and the Responsible Conduct of Research" (F. Grinnell)." Science and Engineering Ethics 5(2): 215 -7.

Korenman, SG, Berk, R, et al. (1998). "Evaluation of the Research Norms of Scientists and Administrators Responsible for Academic Research Integrity." Journal of the American Medical Association 279(1): 41-47.

Macrina, FL and Munro, CL (1993). "Graduate Teaching in Principles of Scientific Integrity." Academic Medicine 68: 879-884.

Maloney, DM (2000). "New Requirements for "Responsible Conduct of Research" Include Human Subjects Area." Human Research Report 15(9): 1-2.

Maloney, DM (2001). "Instruction in Responsible Conduct of Research (RCR)." Human Research Report 16(1): 2-3.

Mastroianni, AC and Kahn, JP (1998). "The Importance of Expanding Current Training in The Responsible Conduct of Research." Academic Medicine 73(12): 1249-54.

--- (1999). "Encouraging Accountability in Research: A Pilot Assessment of Training Efforts." Accountability in Research 7(1): 85-100.

National Institutes of Health. Intramural Research Sourcebook.

Offenbach, SI (2001). "Survival is Not All There is to Worry About. Commentary on 'Promoting Responsible Conduct in Research Through "Survival Skills" Workshops'." Science and Engineering Ethics 7(4): 589-91.

Pascal, CB (1999). "The History and Future of the Office of Research Integrity: Scientific Misconduct and Beyond." Science and Engineering Ethics 5(2): 183-198.

Pimple, KD (2002). "Six Domains of Research Ethics. A Heuristic Framework for The Responsible Conduct of Research." Science and Engineering Ethics 8(2): 191-205.

Rhoades, LJ (2002). "Beyond Conflict of Interest: The Responsible Conduct of Research." Science and Engineering Ethics 8(3): 459-68.

Rhoades, LJ (2000). "ORI Views on Building a System of Research Integrity." Ethical Challenges and Practical Solutions for Managers in Research: Workshop Proceedings. Sigma Xi, The Scientific Research Society: 7-15.

Richman, KA (2002). "Responsible Conduct of Research is All Well and Good." American Journal of Bioethics 2(4): 61-2.

Ryan, KJ (1999). "Research Integrity." Professional Ethics 7: 33-45.

Schechter, AN (2002). "Integrity in Research: Individual and Institutional Responsibility." Principles and Practice of Clinical Research. John I Gallin, Ed. San Diego, CA: Academic Press, 39-50.

Science (1995). "Conduct in Science." A Special News Report. Science 268: 1705-1718

Sims, LR (2001). "Sherry's Secret - Case Study and Commentary on Research." Science and Engineering Ethics 7: 147-15.

Sprague, RL (1993). "Whistleblowing: A Very Unpleasant Avocation." Ethics and Behavior, 3: 103-133.

Swazey, JP, Anderson, MS, and Lewis, KS (1993). "Ethical Problems in Academic Research." American Scientist 81: 542-553.

Yarborough, M, Jones, T, Cyr, T, Phillips, S, and Stelzner, D (2000). "Interprofessional Education in Ethics at an Academic Health Sciences Center." Academic Medicine 75: 793-800.

Whitbeck, C (2001). "Group Mentoring to Foster the Responsible Conduct of Research." Science and Engineering Ethics 7(4): 541-58.

Woolf, P (2001). "Trustworthy Research. Commentary on 'Group Mentoring to Foster the Responsible Conduct of Research'." (Whitbeck). Science and Engineering Ethics 7(4): 559-62.

Zigmond, MJ (1999). "Promoting Responsible Conduct: Striving for Change Rather than Consensus. Commentary on 'Ambiguity, Trust, and the Responsible Conduct of Research'." (F. Grinnell). Science and Engineering Ethics 5(2): 219-28.

2. Research Misconduct

Baker, DR and Jackson, VP (2000). "Misrepresentation of Publications by Radiology Residency Applicants." Academic Radiology 7(9): 727-9.

Barinaga, M and Kaiser, J (1999). "Fraud Finding Triggers Payback Demand." Science 285: 1189-1190.

Bartlett, T (2003). "Historical Association Will No Longer Investigate Allegations of Wrongdoing." The Chronicle of Higher Education, May 23.

Bilge, A, Shugerman, RP, et al. (1998). "Misrepresentation of Authorship by Applicants to Pediatrics Training Programs." Academic Medicine 73(5): 532-3.

Bird, SJ. and Dustira, AK (2000). "New Common Federal Definition of Research Misconduct in the United States." Science and Engineering Ethics 6: 123-130.

Bird, SJ and Spier, R (2000). "Scientific Misconduct: Ongoing Developments." Science and Engineering Ethics 6: 3-4.

Braxton, JM and Bayer, AE (1999). "Perceptions of Research Misconduct and an Analysis of Their Correlates." Perspectives on Scholarly Misconduct in the Sciences. J. M. Braxton, Ed. Columbus, OH: Ohio State University Press; 236-258.

Burk, DL (1995). "Research Misconduct: Deviance, Due Process, and the Disestablishment of Science." George Mason Independent Law Review 3: 305-350.

Buzzelli, DE (1993). "The Definition of Misconduct in Science: A View from NSF." Science 259: 584-585, 647-648.
Chubin, D (1985). "Research Malpractice." Bioscience 35: 80-89.

Dale, JA, Schmitt, CM, et al. (1999). "Misrepresentation of Research Criteria by Orthopedic Residency Applicants." Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery 81(12): 1679-81.

Dooley, JJ and Kerch, HM (2000). "Evolving Research Misconduct Policies and Their Significance for Physical Scientists." Science and Engineering Ethics 6(l): 109-121.

Evans, I (2000). "The Medical Research Council's Approach to Allegations of Scientific Misconduct." Science and Engineering Ethics 6(l): 91-94.

Fox, MF (1990). "Fraud, Ethics, and the Disciplinary Contexts of Science and Scholarship." The American Sociologist 21: 67-71.

Francis, S (1999). "Developing a Federal Policy on Research Misconduct," Science and Engineering Ethics 5(2): 261-272.

Frankel, MS (1997). "A Public Policy Perspective on Research Integrity and Misconduct." Research Management Review 9(2): 19-27.

Friedly, J (1997). "Scientific Misconduct: Charges Fly Over Advocacy Research." Science 275: 1411-1412.

Friedman, PJ (1996). "Advice to Individuals Involved in Misconduct Accusations." Academic Medicine 71(7): 716-723.

Goe, LC, Herrera, AM, et al. (1998). "Misrepresentation of Research Citations Among Medical School Faculty Applicants." Academic Medicine 73(11): 1183-6.

Goldner, JA (1998). "The Unending Saga of Legal Controls Over Scientific Misconduct: A Clash of Cultures Needing Resolution." American Journal of Law and Medicine 24: 293-343.

Goodman, B (2000). "New Definition for Misconduct a Step Closer." The Scientist 14: 1.

Gorski, A and Rhoades, L (2000). "Scientific Misconduct: An International Perspective." Science and Engineering Ethics 6: 5-10.

Grinnell, F (1997). "Truth, Fairness, and the Definition of Scientific Misconduct." Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine 129: 189-192.

Grover, M, Dharamshi, F, et al. (2001). "Deception by Applicants to Family Practice Residencies." Family Medicine 33(6): 441-6.

Guston, DH (1999). "Changing Explanatory Frameworks in the U.S. Government's Attempt to Define Research Misconduct." Science and Engineering Ethics 5(2): 137-154.

Gurudevan, SV and Mower, WR (1996). "Misrepresentation of Research Publications Among Emergency Medicine Residency Applicants." Annals of Emergency Medicine 27(3): 327-30.

Hagmann, M (1999). "Europe Stresses Prevention Rather than Cure." Science 286: 2258-2259.

Hagmann, M (1999). "Researcher Rebuked for 20-Year-Old-Misdeed." Science 286: 2249-2250.

Hagmann, M (2000). "Cancer Researcher Sacked for Alleged Fraud." Science 287: 1901-1902.

Hagmann, M (2000). "Panel Finds Scores of Suspect Papers in German Fraud Probe." Science 288: 2106-2107.

Hey, E and Chalmers, I (2000). "Investigating Allegations of Research Misconduct: The Vital Need for Due Process." British Medical Journal 321: 752-755.

Hillman, H (2001). "Research Practices in Need of Examination and Improvement." Science and Engineering Ethics 7: 7-14.

Hileman, B (1997). "Misconduct in Science Probed: Research Institutions Find Misconduct Investigations Difficult Because of Evidence, Confidentiality Problems." Chemical and Engineering News, June 24.

Hoke, F (1995). "Novel Application of Federal Law to Scientific Fraud Worries Universities and Reinvigorates Whistleblowers." The Scientist 9: 4-5.

Holden, C (2002). "Planned Misconduct Surveys Meet Stiff Resistance." Science 298: 1549.

Howard, E (1994). "Science Misconduct and Due Process: A Case of Process Due." Hastings Law Journal 45(2).

James, WH (1995). "Fraud and Hoaxes in Science." Nature 377(6549): 474.

Jay, P (1999). "Research Misconduct-Have We Reached the Turning Point at Last?" Science and Engineering Ethics 5: 119-122.

Kennedy, D (2003). "Research Fraud and Public Policy." Science 300: 393.

Kaiser, J (1999). "A Misconduct Definition That Finally Sticks?" Science 286: 391.

Kaiser, J (1999). "Baylor Saga Comes to an End." Science 283: 1091.

Kaiser, J (1997). "Popovic Loses Part of Lawsuit." Science 276: 667.

Kaiser, J (1997). "$1.6 Million Fraud Award Overturned." Science 275: 610.

Kaiser, J (1997). "The 'Gallo Case': Popovic Strikes Back." Science 275: 920.

Kaiser, J (1997). "Synergy Paper Questioned at Toxicology Meeting." Science 275: 1879.

Kaiser, J (1997). "No Misconduct in 'Gay Gene' Study." Science 275: 125.

Kennedy, D (1997). "More Questions about Research Misconduct." Science 297: 13.

Koenig, R (2001). "Fallout from German Fraud Case Continues." Science 291: 1876-1877.

Koenig, R (1997). "Scientific Misconduct: Allegations Prompt Debate in Germany." Science 277: 17.

Kulynych, J (1998). "Intent to Deceive: Mental State and Scienter in the New Uniform Federal Definition of Scientific Misconduct." Stanford Technology Law Review 2.

Kuzma, SM (1992). "Criminal Liability for Misconduct in Scientific Research." University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform 25(2): 357-421.

Lubalin, JS, Ardini, MA, and Matheson, JL (1995). Consequences of Whistleblowing for the Whistleblower in Misconduct in Science Cases, Final Report. Washington, DC: Research Triangle Institute.

Malakoff, D (2000). "Texas Scientist Admits Falsifying Results." Science 290: 245-246.

Marshall, E (2000). "How Prevalent is Fraud? That's a Million-Dollar Question." Science 290: 1662-1663.

Marshall, E (2000). "Fired Researcher is Rehired and Refired." Science 287: 1183-1184.

Marshall, E (1999). "The Misconduct Case that Won't Go Away." Science 285: 1076-1077.

Marshall, E (1999). "Two Former Grad Students Sue over Alleged Misuse of Ideas." Science 284: 562-563.

Marshall, E (1999). "Investigations on Trial in a Texas Court." Science 283: 913-914.

Marshall, E (1997). "Scientific Misconduct: $1.6 Million Fraud Award Overturned." Science 275: 610.

Marshall, E (1996). "Fraud Strikes Top Genome Lab." Science 274: 908-910.

McAlister, WP, Velyvis, JH, et al. (2000). "Misrepresentation of Research Criteria by Orthopedic Residency Applicants." Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume. 82-A(10): 1512-3.

Mishkin, B (1999). "Scientific Misconduct: Present Problems and Future Trends." Science and Engineering Ethics 5(2): 283-292.

Mishkin, B (1996). "Justice Department Supports Baylor in Scientific Misconduct Litigation." Professional Ethics Report (9) 4: 3-5.

Mishkin, B and Bradford, WA (1995). Scientific Misconduct by Contractors and Grantees, Briefing Papers, Second Series. Washington, DC: Federal Publications, Inc.

Panicek, DM, Schwartz, LH, et al. (1998). "Misrepresentation of Publications by Applicants for Radiology Fellowships: Is it a Problem?" American Journal of Roentgenology 170(3): 577-81.

Parrish, DM (1999). "Scientific Misconduct and Correcting the Scientific Literature." Academic Medicine 74(3): 221-30.

Parrish, DM (1997). "Improving the Scientific Hearing Process." Journal of the American Medical Association 277(16): 1315-9.

Pascal, C (2000). "Scientific Misconduct and Research Integrity for the Bench Scientist." Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine 224(4): 220-230.

Pascal, CB (1999). "Scientific Misconduct and Research Integrity: Federal Definitions and Approaches." Professional Ethics: A Multidisciplinary Journal 7(4): 9-32.

Patel, MV, Pradhan, BB, et al. (2003). "Misrepresentation of Research Publications Among Orthopedic Surgery Fellowship Applicants: A Comparison with Documented Misrepresentations in Other Fields." Spine 28(7): 632-6.

Perera, R (2002). "Deadline Looms for German Universities to Adopt Scientific Code of Conduct." The Chronicle of Higher Education, June 13.

Poon, P (1995). "Legal Protections for the Scientific Misconduct Whistleblower." Journal of Law, Medicine and Ethics 23(l): 88-95.

Price, AR (1998). "Anonymity and Pseudonymity in Whistleblowing to the U.S. Office of Research Integrity." Academic Medicine 73(5): 467-72.

Reynolds, GH (1999). "Thank God for the Lawyers: Some Thoughts on the (Mis)regulation of Scientific Misconduct." Tennessee Law Review 66(3): 801-818.

Rhoades, L (2000). "The American Experience: Lessons Learned." Science and Engineering Ethics 6(1): 95-107.

Schachman, HK (1993). "What Is Misconduct in Science?" Science 261: 148-149.

Sekas, G and Hutson, WR (1995). "Misrepresentation of Academic Accomplishments by Applicants for Gastroenterology Fellowships." Annals of Internal Medicine 123(1): 38-41.

Service, R (2002). "Bell Labs Fires Star Physicist Found Guilty of Forging Data." Science 298: 30-31.

Service, R (2002). "Pioneering Physics Papers Under Suspicion for Data Manipulation." Science 296: 1376-1377.

Sherman, SE (1995). "The False Claims Act: Litigation, Scientific Misconduct." United States Department of Health and Human Services. Public Health Reports 110(6): 784.

Steneck, NH (1999). "Confronting Misconduct in Science in the 1980's and 1990's: What Has and Has Not Been Accomplished?" Science and Engineering Ethics 5(2):161-176.

United States. National Science Foundation, Office of the Inspector General. Semiannual Report to the Congress. Washington, DC: National Science Foundation. These semiannual reports describe NSF misconduct cases and summarize the Foundation's misconduct activities.

United States. President's Commission for the Study of Ethical Problems in Medicine and Biomedical and Behavioral Research (1981). Whistleblowing in Biomedical Research: Policies and Procedures for Responding to Reports of Misconduct: Proceedings of a Workshop, September 21-22, 1981. Washington, DC: United States Government Printing Office.

United States Department of Health and Human Services, Office of Research Integrity (2000). Analysis of Institutional Policies for Responding to Allegations of Scientific Misconduct. Columbia, MD: CHPS Consulting.

United States Department of Health and Human Services, Office of Research Integrity (1999). Scientific Misconduct Investigations: 1993-1997. Washington, DC: Office of Research Integrity.

United States Department of Health and Human Services, Office of Research Integrity (1993). The Whistleblower's Conditional Privilege to Report Allegations of Scientific Misconduct. Rockville, MD: Office of Research Integrity.

Vergano, D (1999). "EMF Researcher Made up Data, ORI Says." Science 285: 23-24.

Woodward, J and Goodstein, D (1997). "NSF Stakes A Position on Misconduct." Science 276: 1779.

Woodward, J and Goodstein, D (1997). "Storm Brewing Over Misconduct Definition." Science 275: 467.

Woolf, P (1998). "Deception in Scientific Research." Jurimetrics 29: 67-95.

Woolston, C (2002). "Scientific Misconduct: Keeping Your Lab Clean." The Chronicle of Higher Education, March 4.

Youngner, JS (1998). "The Scientific Misconduct Process: A Scientist's View From the Inside." Journal of the American Medical Association 279(l): 62-64.

3. Protection of Human Subjects

Eckstein, S and King's College (University of London) Centre of Medical Law and Ethics. (2003). Manual for Research Ethics Committees. Cambridge, U.K., New York: Cambridge University Press.

Federman, DD, Hanna, KE, et al. (2002). Responsible Research: A Systems Approach to Protecting Research Participants. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.

Gallin, JI (2002). Principles and Practice of Clinical Research. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.

Institute of Medicine (2001). Preserving Public Trust: Accreditation and Human Research Participant Protection Programs. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.

Jensen, E (2003). Not Just Another GCP Handbook: A Practical Guide to FDA/DHHS Requirements. New York, NY: PJB Publications Ltd.

Loue, S (2000). Textbook of Research Ethics: Theory and Practice. New York, NY: Kluwer Academic and Plenum Pub. Corp.

Penslar, R. (1993). Protecting Human Research Subjects: Institutional Review Board Guidebook. Washington, DC: United States Government Printing Office.

Shamoo, AE and Khin-Maung-Gyi, FA (2002). Ethics of the Use of Human Subjects in Research: Practical Guide. London, U.K., New York, NY: Garland Science.

4. Welfare of Laboratory Animals

Baird, RM and Rosenbaum, SE (1991). Animal Experimentation: The Moral Issues. Buffalo, NY: Prometheus Books.

Gluck, JP, DiPasquale, T, et al. (2002). Applied Ethics in Animal Research: Philosophy, Regulation, and Laboratory Applications. West Lafayette, IN: Purdue University Press.

Hart, LA (1998). Responsible Conduct with Animals in Research. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

Monamy, V (2000). Animal Experimentation: A Guide to the Issues. Cambridge, U.K., New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.

National Academy of Sciences (1991). Science, Medicine, and Animals, Committee on the Use of Animals in Research. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.

Paul, EF and Paul, J (2001). Why Animal Experimentation Matters: The Use of Animals in Medical Research. New Brunswick, NJ: Social Philosophy and Policy Foundation.

Rudacille, D (2000). The Scalpel and the Butterfly: The War Between Animal Research and Animal Protection. New York, NY: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.

Russell, WMS and Burch, RL (1959). The Principles of Humane Animal Experimental Technique. London, U.K.: Methuen.

Smith, CP and Animal Welfare Information Center (2000). Animal Welfare and Ethics: Resources for Youth and College Agricultural Educators. Beltsville, MD: United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, National Agricultural Library Animal Welfare Information Center.

5. Conflict of Interests

Boyd, EA and Bero, LA (2000). "Assessing Faculty Financial Relationships With Industry: A Case Study." Journal of the American Medical Association 284: 2209-2214.

Blumenthal, D (1992). "Academy-Industry Relationships in the Life Sciences: Extent, Consequences, and Management." Journal of the American Medical Association 268: 3344-3349.

Blumenthal, D, Causino, N, Campbell, E, and Louis, KS (1996). "Relationships Between Academic Institutions and Industry in the Life Sciences-an Industry Survey." New England Journal of Medicine 334: 368-373.

Campbell, Teresa Isabella Daza (1999). "Understanding the Potential for Misconduct in University-Industry Relationships: An Empirical Study." Perspectives on Scholarly Misconduct in the Sciences. J. M. Braxton, Ed. Columbus, OH: Ohio State University Press, 259-282.

Cho, MK, Shohara, R, et al. (2000). "Policies on Faculty Conflicts of Interest at US Universities." Journal of the American Medical Association 284: 2203-2208.

Drazen, JM and Curfman, GD (2002). "Financial Associations of Authors." New England Journal of Medicine 346(24): 1901-1902.

Frankel, MS (1996). "Perception, Reality, and the Political Context of Conflict of Interest in University-Industry Relationships." Academic Medicine 71: 1297-1304.

Giamatti, A (1982). "The University, Industry, and Cooperative Research." Science 218: 1278-1280.

Gluck, ME, Blumenthal, D, and Stoto, MA (1987). "University-Industry Relationships in the Life Sciences: Implications for Students and Post-Doctoral Fellows." Research Policy 16: 327-336.

Jefferson, T, Smith, R, et al. (1998). "Evaluating the BMJ Guidelines for Economic Submissions: Prospective Audit of Economic Submissions to BMJ and The Lancet." Journal of the American Medical Association 280(3): 275-7.

Johansen, HK and Gotzsche, PC (1999). "Problems in the Design and Reporting of Trials of Antifungal Agents Encountered During Meta-analysis." Journal of the American Medical Association 282(18): 1752-9.

National Institutes of Health (2000). Financial Conflict of Interest and Research Objectivity: Issues for Investigators and Institutional Review Boards. Washington, DC: National Institutes of Health.

Shamoo, AE (1992). "Role of Conflict of Interest in Scientific Objectivity: A Case of a Nobel Prize Work." Accountability in Research 2(1): 55-75.

United States House of Representatives, Committee on Government Operations. Human Resources and Intergovernmental Relations Subcommittee. (1989). "Federal Response to Misconduct in Science, Are Conflicts of Interest Hazardous to our Health?" Hearing before a Subcommittee of the Committee on Government Operations, House of Representatives, One Hundredth Congress, second session, September 29, 1988. Washington, DC: United States Government Printing Office.

6. Data Management Practices

Bird, SJ and Housman, DE (1995). "Trust and the Collection, Selection, Analysis and Interpretation of Data: A Scientist's View." Science and Engineering Ethics 1: 371-382.

Campbell, EG, Clarridge, BR, et al. (2002). "Data Withholding in Academic Genetics: Evidence from a National Survey." Journal of the American Medical Association 287(4): 473-480.

Council on Government Relations (1997). Materials Transfer in Academia. Washington, DC: Council on Government Relations. http://www.orpc.unh.edu/MTA/cogrbrochure.pdf

DeMets, DL (1999). "Statistics and Ethics in Medical Research." Science and Engineering Ethics 5(1): 97-111.

Gardner, MJ (1990). "An Exploratory Study of Statistical Assessment of Papers Published in the British Medical Journal." Journal of the American Medical Association 263: 1355-57.

Goldman, AH (1987). "Ethical Issues in Proprietary Restrictions on Research Results." Science, Technology, and Human Values 12: 22-30.

Hilgartner, S and Brandt-Rauf, SI (1994). "Data Access, Ownership, and Control. Knowledge: Creation, Diffusion." Utilization 15: 355-372.

Kanare, HM (1985). Writing the Laboratory Notebook. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society.

Knobler, S, Mahmoud, AAF, et al. (2002). Biological Threats and Terrorism: Assessing the Science and Response Capabilities: Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.

Marshall, E (1990). "Data Sharing: A Declining Ethic?" Science 248: 952-957.

Marshall, E (1997). "Ethics in Science: Is Data-Hoarding Slowing the Assault on Pathogens?" Science 275: 777.

Mishkin, B (1995). "Urgently Needed: Policies on Access to Data by Erstwhile Collaborators." Science 270: 927-928.

National Institutes of Health (1999). "Principles and Guidelines for Recipients of NIH Research Grants and Contracts on Obtaining and Disseminating Biomedical Research Resources: Final Notice." 64 FR 72090.

Rosenberg, SA (1996). "Secrecy in Medical Research." New England Journal of Medicine 334: 392-394.

Stevens, AR (1997). Ownership and Retention of Data. Washington, DC: National Association of College and University Attorneys.

Weil, V and Hollander, R (1990). "Sharing Scientific Data II: Normative Issues." IRB 12: 7-8.

7. Mentor and Trainee Responsibilities

Association for Women in Science (1993). Mentoring Means Future Scientists. Washington, DC: Association for Women in Science.

Djerassi, C (1991). "Mentoring: A Cure for Science Bashing?" Chemical and Engineering News 69: 30-33.

Gadlin, H and Jessar, K (2002). "Preempting Discord: Prenuptial Agreements for Scientists." The NIH Catalyst (May-June).

Marsa, L (1991). "Mentoring: A Time-Honored Tradition Changes Over Time." The Scientist 5: 19-20, 25.

National Academy of Sciences, National Academy of Engineering, et al. (1997). Adviser, Teacher, Role Model, Friend: On Being a Mentor to Students in Science and Engineering. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.

University of Michigan. Horace H. Rackham School of Graduate Studies (2002). How to Mentor Graduate Students: A Guide for Faculty in a Diverse University. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan.

Waxman, M (1992). "Mentoring, Role Modeling, and the Career Development of Junior Science Faculty." Journal of College Science Teaching 22: 124-127.

8. Collaborative Research

Davis, TP, Ed. (1999). Management of Biomedical Research Laboratories: Proceedings of a National Conference. Tucson, AZ: University of Arizona.

Gottesman, MM (1999). Funding of Intramural Research Program/Extramural Research Program Collaborations. Government-University-Industry Research Roundtable and NetLibrary Inc.

Macrina, FL (1995). Dynamic Issues in Scientific Integrity: Collaborative Research. Washington, DC: American Society for Microbiology.

National Academy Press (1999). Overcoming Barriers to Collaborative Research: Report of a Workshop. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.

Schwartz, J (n.d.). Silence is Not Golden: Making Collaborations Work. Bethesda, MD: National Institutes of Health.

Vonortas, NS, Hamdi, M, et al. (2002). Partnerships and Networking in Science and Technology for Development. New York, NY: United Nations.

Wagner, CS, et al. (2002). Linking Effectively: Learning Lessons from Successful Collaboration in Science and Technology. Santa Monica, CA: Rand.

9. Authorship and Publication

Begg, C, Cho, MK, et al. (1996). "Improving the Quality of Reporting of Randomized Controlled Trials: The CONSORT Statement." Journal of the American Medical Association 276: 637-639.

Bloemenkamp, DGM, Walvoort, HC, et al. (1999). "[Duplicate publication of articles in the Dutch Journal of Medicine in 1996]." Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Geneeskunde 143(43): 2150-3.

Budd, JM, Sievert, M, et al. (1998). "Phenomena of Retraction: Reasons for Retraction and Citations to the Publications." Journal of the American Medical Association 280(3): 296-7.

--- (1999). "Effects of Article Retraction on Citation and Practice in Medicine." Bulletin of the Medical Libraries Association 87(4): 437-43.

Drenth, JP (1998). "Multiple Authorship: The Contribution of Senior Authors." Journal of the American Medical Association 280(3): 219-21.

Flanagin, A, Carey, LA, et al. (1998). "Prevalence of Articles with Honorary Authors and Ghost Authors in Peer-reviewed Medical Journals." Journal of the American Medical Association 280(3): 222-4.

Friedman, PJ (1993). "Standards for Authorship and Publication in Academic Radiology. Association of University Radiologists Ad Hoc Committee on Standards for the Responsible Conduct of Research." Radiology 189(1): 33-4.

--- (1993). "Standards for Authorship and Publication in Academic Radiology. Association of University Radiologists. Ad Hoc Committee on Standards for the Responsible Conduct of Research." Investigative Radiology 28(10): 879-81.

Hoen, WP, Walvoort, HC, et al. (1998). "What are the Factors Determining Authorship and the Order of the Authors' Names? A Study Among Authors of the Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Geneeskunde (Dutch Journal of Medicine)." Journal of the American Medical Association 280(3): 217-8.

Jadad, AR, Cook, DJ, et al. (1998). "Methodology and Reports of Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses: A Comparison of Cochrane Reviews with Articles Published in Paper-based Journals." Journal of the American Medical Association 280(3): 278-80.

Jefferson, T (1998). "Redundant Publication in Biomedical Sciences: Scientific Misconduct or Necessity?" Science and Engineering Ethics 4(2): 135-140.

Jones, AH and McLellan, F (2000). Ethical Issues in Biomedical Publication. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.

Kaiser, J (1997). "Editorial Ethics Questioned." Science 275: 1055.

Kiang, N, Yuan S (1995). "How Are Scientific Corrections Made?" Science and Engineering Ethics 1: 347-356.

LaFollette, MC (1994). "Avoiding Plagiarism: Some Thoughts on Use, Attribution, and Acknowledgement." Journal of Information Ethics 3: 25-35.

Lee-Robinson, D, Burton-Danner, K, and Kiser, K (1999). "Dealing with Scientific Disputes Involving Authorship." Professional Ethics 7: 45-59.

Pitkin, RM and Branagan, MA (1998). "Can the Accuracy of Abstracts be Improved by Providing Specific Instructions? A Randomized Controlled Trial." Journal of the American Medical Association 280(3): 267-9.

Pitkin, RM, Branagan, MA, et al. (1999). "Accuracy of Data in Abstracts of Published Research Articles." Journal of the American Medical Association 281: 1129-30.

Postel, D (2003). "In Wake of Controversies, Historians Debate Causes and Prevalence of Plagiarism." The Chronicle of Higher Education, March 6.

Price, AR (1994). "The 1993 ORI/AAAS Conference on Plagiarism and Theft of Ideas." Journal of Information Ethics 3: 54-63.

Scherer, RW and Crawley, B (1998). "Reporting of Randomized Clinical Trial Descriptors and Use of Structured Abstracts." Journal of the American Medical Association 280(3): 269-72.

Speck, BW (1993). Publication Peer Review: An Annotated Bibliography. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.

St. Onge, KR (1994). "Plagiarism: For Accusers and the Accused." Journal of Information Ethics 3: 8-24.

Tarnow, E (1999). "The Authorship List in Science: Junior Physicists' Perceptions of Who Appears and Why." Science and Engineering Ethics 5(1): 73-88.

Tramer, MR, Reynolds, DJ, et al. (1997). "Impact of Covert Duplicate Publication on Meta-analysis: A Case Study." British Medical Journal 315(7109): 635-40.

Wang, J (1999). "Chinese Journals Pledge Crackdown." Science 283: 1427.

Wilcox, LJ (1998). "Authorship: The Coin of the Realm, The source of Complaints." Journal of the American Medical Association 280(3): 216-7.

Xueqin, J (2002). "Chinese Academics Consider a 'Culture of Copying'." The Chronicle of Higher Education, May 17.

10. Peer Review

Armstrong, JS (1997). "Peer Review for Journals: Evidence on Quality Control, Fairness, and Innovation." Science and Engineering Ethics 3(1): 63-84.

Black, N, van Rooyen, S, et al. (1998). "What Makes a Good Reviewer and a Good Review for a General Medical Journal?" Journal of the American Medical Association 280(3): 231-3.

Callaham, ML, Baxt, WG, et al. (1998). "Reliability of Editors' Subjective Quality Ratings of Peer Reviews of Manuscripts." Journal of the American Medical Association 280(3): 229-31.

Callaham, ML, Wears, RL, et al. (1998). "Positive-outcome Bias and Other Limitations in the Outcome of Research Abstracts Submitted to a Scientific Meeting." Journal of the American Medical Association 280(3): 254-7.

Cho, MK, Justice, AC, et al. (1998). "Masking Author Identity in Peer Review: What Factors Influence Masking Success?" Journal of the American Medical Association 280(3): 243-5.

Dickersin, K (1997). "How Important is Publication Bias? A Synthesis of Available Data." AIDS Education and Prevention 9: 15-21.

Dickersin, K, Fredman, L, et al. (1998). "Is There a Sex Bias in Choosing Editors? Epidemiology Journals as an Example." Journal of the American Medical Association 280(3): 260-4.

Evans, A, McNutt, R, et al. (1993). "The Characteristics of Peer Reviewers Who Produce Good-quality Reviews." Journal of General Internal Medicine 8: 422-428.

Fletcher, RH and Fletcher, SW (1997). "Evidence for the Effectiveness of Peer Review." Science and Engineering Ethics 3(1): 35-50.

Godlee, F, Gale, CR, et al. (1998). "Effect on the Quality of Peer Review of Blinding Reviewers and Asking Them to Sign Their Reports: A Randomized Controlled Trial." Journal of the American Medical Association 280(3): 237-40.

Jefferson, T (1999). Peer Review in the Health Sciences. London, U.K.: British Medical Journal Books.

Justice, AC, Cho, MK, et al. (1998). "Does Masking Author Identity Improve Peer Review Quality? A Randomized Controlled Trial." Journal of the American Medical Association 280(3): 240-2.

Link, AM (1998). "US and Non-US Submissions: An Analysis of Reviewer Bias." Journal of the American Medical Association 280(3): 246-7.

Pitkin, RM, Branagan, MA, et al. (2000). "Effectiveness of a Journal Intervention to Improve Abstract Quality." Journal of the American Medical Association 283(4): 481.

van Rooyen, S, Godlee, F, et al. (1999). "Effect of Open Peer Review on Quality of Reviews and on Reviewers' Recommendations: A Randomised Trial." British Medical Journal 318(7175): 23-7.

--- (1998). "Effect of Blinding and Unmasking on the Quality of Peer Review: A Randomized Trial." Journal of the American Medical Association 280(3): 234-7.

--- (1999). "Effect of Blinding and Unmasking on the Quality of Peer Review." Journal of General Internal Medicine 14(10): 622-4.

C. Policies, Codes and Guidelines

1. General policies, codes and guidelines

American Physical Society (2002). "APS Guidelines for Professional Conduct." APS Ethics and Values Statements. http://www.aps.org/policy/statements/02_2.cfm

Association of American Medical Colleges. Developing a Code of Ethics in Research: A Guide for Scientific Societies. Valid link, July 2007.

Association of American Universities, National Association of State Universities and Land-Grant Colleges, Council of Graduate Schools (1988). Framework for Institutional Policies and Procedures to Deal with Fraud in Research. Washington, DC: Association of American Universities. http://www.aau.edu/reports/FrwkRschFraud.html

National Health and Medical Research Council (2004). Joint NHMRC/AVCC Statement and Guidelines of Research Practice. http://www.nhmrc.gov.au/funding/policy/researchprac.htm. Valid link, July 2007.

National Institutes of Health (1997). Guidelines for the Conduct of Research in the Intramural Research Programs at NIH. http://www.nih.gov/campus/irnews/guidelines.htm. Valid link, July 2007.

National Institutes of Health (1994). Guidelines for the Conduct of Research in the Intramural Program at NIH. Bethesda, MD: National Institutes of Health. http://www.nih.gov/news/irnews/guidelines.htm.

National Institutes of Health (1992). "Requirement for Instruction in the Responsible Conduct of Research in National Research Service Award Institutional Training Grants." NIH Guide for Grants and Contracts, 21: 2-3.

National Institutes of Health (1990). "Requirement for Programs on the Responsible Conduct of Research in National Research Service Award Institutional Training Programs." NIH Guide for Grants and Contracts, 19: 1.

National Institutes of Health (1989). "Requirement for Programs on the Responsible Conduct of Research in National Research Service Award Institutional Training Programs." NIH Guide for Grants and Contracts, 18: 1.

United States Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service (1988). "PHS Policy Relating to Distribution of Unique Research Resources Produced with PHS Funding." NIH Guide for Grants and Contracts, 17: 1.

2. Research Misconduct Policies

National Academy of Sciences. Committee on Science Engineering and Public Policy. Panel on Scientific Responsibility and the Conduct of Research (1992). Responsible Science: Ensuring the Integrity of the Research Process. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.

National Endowment for the Humanities (2001). "Research Misconduct Policy." http://www.neh.gov/grants/guidelines/researchmisconduct.html

National Science Foundation (1991). "Misconduct in Science and Engineering; Final Rule, 45 CFR Part 689." Federal Register, Volume 56, Number 93. Tuesday, May 14.

Office of Science and Technology Policy (2000). "Research Misconduct: A New Definition and Guidelines for Federal Research Agencies," Federal Register, Volume 65, December 6, 2000.

Office of Science and Technology Policy (1999). "Proposed Federal Policy on Research Misconduct to Protect the Integrity of the Research Record." Federal Register, Volume 64, Number 198, October 14.

Office of Research Integrity (1997). Model Policies and Procedures for Responding to Allegations of Scientific Misconduct, Issued April 1995; revised February 1997.

United States Congress. House Committee on Science and Technology. Subcommittee on Investigations and Oversight (1981). Fraud in Biomedical Research. Washington, DC: United States Government Printing Office.

United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service (1992). "Procedures for Reporting and Dealing with Possible Misconduct in Science." Directive 129.0, December 14.

United States Department of Health and Human Services, Office of Research Integrity (1999). Report of the Department of Health and Human Services Review Group on Research Misconduct and Research Integrity. Washington, DC: Office of Research Integrity.

United States Department of Health and Human Services, Commission on Research Integrity (1995). Integrity and Misconduct in Research. Washington, DC: Office of Research Integrity.

United States Department of Health and Human Services, Office of Research Integrity (1995). ORI Guidelines for Institutions and Whistleblowers: Responding to Possible Retaliation Against Whistleblowers in Extramural Research. Washington, DC: Office of Research Integrity.

United States Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service (1998). "Responsibilities of Awardee and Applicant Institution for Dealing with Reporting Possible Misconduct in Science." Federal Register, Volume 54.

3. Protection of Human Subjects

(1949). Directives for Human Experimentation: Nuremberg Code.

(2001). Federal Policy for the Protection of Human Subjects. 45 CFR 46, Subpart A.
Congress, US (1985). Health Research Extension Act of 1985.

Food and Drug Administration. Information Sheet: Guidance for Institutional Review Boards and Clinical Investigators. http://www.fda.gov/oc/ohrt/irbs/default.htm. Valid link, July 2007.

National Institutes of Health (2000). "Required Education in the Protection of Human Research Participants," NIH Guide for Grants and Contracts. http://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/notice-files/NOT-OD-00-039.html

National Institutes of Health. Guidelines for the Conduct of Research Involving Human Subjects at the National Institutes of Health. http://ohsr.od.nih.gov/guidelines/GrayBooklet82404.pdf. Valid link, July 2007.

---. Standards for Clinical Research within the NIH Intramural Research Program. http://www.cc.nih.gov/ccc/clinicalresearch/index.html. Valid link, July 2007.

National Institutes of Health. Office of Behavioral and Social Research (2002). Protection of Participants in Behavioral and Social Sciences Research. Bethesda, MD: National Institutes of Health.

Office of Human Subjects Research. NIH (n.d.). OHSR Information Sheets/Forms, OHSR. http://ohsr.od.nih.gov/info/info.html.

The National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research (1979). The Belmont Report: Ethical Principles and Guidelines for the Protection of Human Subjects of Research. Washington, DC: United States Department of Health and Human Services.

World Medical Association (1964, 2002). Declaration of Helsinki: Ethical Principles for Medical Research Involving Human Subjects. Helsinki, Finland: World Medical Association.

4. The Welfare of Laboratory Animals

National Academy of Sciences. Institute of Laboratory Animal Resources Commission on Life Sciences (1996). Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.

National Institutes of Health. Public Health Service (2003). Public Health Service Policy on Humane Care and Use of Laboratory Animals. Washington, DC: United States Government Printing Office.

National Research Council (1996). Commission on Life Sciences, Institute of Laboratory Animal Resources. Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals. Washington, DC: National Academy Press. http://www.nap.edu/readingroom/books/labrats

Office of Science and Technology Policy. Interagency Research Animal Committee (IRAC) (1985). "U.S. Government Principles for Utilization and Care of Vertebrate Animals Used in Testing, Research, and Training," Federal Register, 50: 20864-20865, May 20.

United States. Congress (1966). Animal Welfare Act.

United States Department of Agriculture (2003). Animal Care Policy Manual. Washington, DC: United States Government Printing Office.

United States Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service (1996). "Policy on Humane Care and Use of Laboratory Animals." Office for the Protection from Research Risks, National Institutes of Health, November 1986; reprinted March 1996. http://grants1.nih.gov/grants/olaw/references/phspol.htm.

5. Conflict of Interests

Association of American Medical Colleges. Task Force on Financial Conflicts of Interest in Clinical Research (2002). Protecting Subjects, Preserving Trust, Promoting Progress II: Principles and Recommendations for Oversight of an Institution's Financial Interests in Human Subjects Research. Washington, DC: Association of American Medical Colleges. http://www.aamc.org/research/coi/2002coireport.pdf

Association of American Medical Colleges (2001). Protecting Subjects, Preserving Trust, Promoting Progress. http://www.aamc.org/research/coi/firstreport.pdf

Association of American Medical Colleges (1990). Guidelines for Dealing with Faculty Conflicts of Commitment and Conflicts of Interest in Research. Washington, DC: Association of American Medical Colleges.

Council on Government Relations (2002). Recognizing and Managing Personal Conflicts of Interest. Washington, DC: Council on Government Relations.

Food and Drug Administration (2001). Guidance: Financial Disclosure by Clinical Investigators. Washington, DC: Food and Drug Administration.

National Institutes of Health (1995). "Objectivity in Research." Federal Register 60(132): 35809-35819.

National Science Foundation (1995). "Investigator Financial Disclosure Policy." Federal Register 60(132): 35820.

Office for Human Research Protections. Public Health Service (2001). Draft Interim Guidance: Financial Relationships in Clinical Research: Issues For Institutions, Clinical Investigators, And IRBs to Consider When Dealing With Issues Of Financial Interests And Human Subject Protection. Washington, DC: Office for Human Research Protections.

United States Congress. 105th Congress. First Session (1997). Federal Advisory Committee Act Amendments of 1997. PL 105-153.

6. Data Management

American Statistical Association (1999). Ethical Guidelines for Statistical Practice. Alexandria, VA: American Statistical Association.

Council on Government Relations (1995). Policy Considerations: Access to and Retention of Research Data. Washington, DC: Council on Government Relations.

Food and Drug Administration (2002). Good Laboratory Practices for Designing Toxicology Studies for Petition Submissions and Notifications. 21 CFR Part 58.

Harvard University Medical School. Office of Technology Licensing (2000). Record-Keeping Procedures.

National Institutes of Health. NIH Data Sharing Policy and Implementation Guidance (2003). http://grants1.nih.gov/grants/policy/data_sharing/data_sharing_guidance.htm. Valid link, June 30, 2003; last updated, November 23, 2003.

Society for Clinical Data Management (2002). Good Clinical Data Management Practices, Version 2. Hillsborough, NJ. http://www.scdm.org/gcdmp/ Valid link, July 2007.

University of Pittsburgh (1997). Guidelines on Data Retention and Access. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh.

7. Mentor and Trainee Responsibilities

Gottesman, MM (1999). A Guide to Training and Mentoring in the Intramural Research Program at NIH. Bethesda, MD: National Institutes of Health.

MentorNet. The E-Mentoring Network for Women in Engineering and Science. http://www.mentornet.net/. Valid link, June 30, 2003.

National Science Foundation (2002). Integrative Graduate Education and Research Traineeship (IGERT) Program. Washington, DC: National Science Foundation.

8. Collaborative Research

Fienberg, SE, Martin, ME, and Straf, ML, Eds. (1985). Sharing Research Data, National Research Council, Commission on Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education, Committee on National Statistics. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.

Office of Management and Budget (2000). Circular A-21: Cost Principles for Educational Institutions. Washington, DC: Office of Management and Budget.

Office of Management and Budget (1999). OMB Circular A 110, Uniform Administrative Requirements for Grants and Other Agreements with Institutions of Higher Education, Hospitals and Other Non-Profit Organizations. Washington, DC: Office of Management and Budget.

9. Authorship and Publication

Michigan State University (1998). Michigan State University Guidelines on Authorship. East Lansing, MI: Michigan State University.

Society for Neuroscience (1996). Responsible Conduct Regarding Scientific Communication. http://www.sfn.org/index.cfm?pagename=responsibleConduct&section=publications Valid link, July 2007; last updated, n.d.

United States Department of Health and Human Services, Office of Research Integrity (2000). Managing Allegations of Scientific Misconduct: A Guidance Document for Editors. Washington, DC: Office of Research Integrity.

10. Peer Review

International Committee of Medical Journal Editors. Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals. http://www.icmje.org/. Valid link, July 2007.

International Congress on Peer Review and Biomedical Publication.
http://www.ama-assn.org/public/peer/peerhome.htm. Valid link, July 2007.

Office of Extramural Research. National Institutes of Health. OER: Peer Review Policy and Issues. http://grants1.nih.gov/grants/peer/peer.htm. Valid link, July 2007.

University of Michigan Medical School (1999). Guidelines for the Responsible Conduct of Research: Right and Responsibilities of Peer Review. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan.

1. Organizations

A. Government

Office of Research Integrity. Homepage. http://ori.hhs.gov/. Valid link, July 2007; last updated, March 3, 2004.
The Office of Research Integrity (ORI) promotes integrity in biomedical and behavioral research supported by the Public Health Service (PHS) at about 4,000 institutions worldwide. ORI monitors institutional investigations of research misconduct and facilitates the responsible conduct of research through educational, preventive, and regulatory activities. Organizationally, ORI is located in the Office of Public Health and Science (OPHS) within the Office of the Secretary of Health and Human Services. Extensive information is provided on handling misconduct, programs, publications, resources, and policies, regulations and statutes. [ed.]

National Science Foundation. Office of Inspector General. Homepage. http://www.oig.nsf.gov/. Valid link, July 2007; last updated, n.d.
OIG is also responsible for: promoting economy, efficiency, and effectiveness in the administration of NSF programs and operations; preventing and detecting fraud, waste, abuse, and mismanagement in NSF programs and operations; commenting on legislation and regulations that affect NSF; preventing, detecting, and handling cases involving misconduct in science; and issuing Semiannual Reports to the Congress that describe OIG activities.

National Institutes of Health. Office of Human Subjects Research. Homepage. http://www.hhs.gov/ohrp/. Valid link, July 2007; last updated, n.d.
The OHSR was established to help IRP investigators understand and comply with the ethical guidelines and regulatory requirements for research involving human subjects. OHSR's overall goal is to promote and support the IRP's efforts to conduct innovative research which protects the rights and promotes the welfare of human subjects.

Office for Human Research Protections. Homepage. http://ohrp.osophs.dhhs.gov/. Valid link, July 2007; last updated, February 17, 2004.
Responsible for overseeing human research subjects protections functions and related functions where research involves the use of human subjects.

National Institutes of Health. Office of Laboratory Animals Welfare. Homepage. http://grants2.nih.gov/grants/olaw/olaw.htm. Valid link, February 2004; last updated, n.d.
1) Develops and monitors, as well as exercises compliance oversight relative to PHS Policy on Humane Care and Use of Laboratory Animals involved in research conducted or supported by any component of the Public Health Service; (2) coordinates appropriate PHS regulations, policies, and procedures both within PHS and in coordination with other Departments and Agencies in the Federal Government; and establishes criteria for and negotiation of Assurances of Compliance with institutions engaged in PHS-conducted or supported research using animals; (3) conducts programs of clarification and guidance for both the Federal and non-Federal sectors with respect to the use of animals in research; and directs the development and implementation of educational and instructional programs and generates educational resource materials; (4) evaluates the effectiveness of PHS policies and programs for the humane care and use of laboratory animals; and (5) serves as liaison to Presidential, Departmental, Congressional, interagency, and non-governmental Commissions and Boards established to examine issues pertaining to laboratory animal welfare in research and exercises leadership in identifying and addressing such issues.

US Department of Agriculture. Animal Welfare. Homepage. http://www.aphis.usda.gov/animal_welfare/index.shtml. Valid link, July 2007; last updated, n.d.
AC provides leadership in establishing acceptable standards of humane animal care and treatment and to monitor and achieve compliance with the Animal Welfare Act through inspections, education, and cooperative efforts.

B. Academic and Non-profit

Columbia University. Faculty and Research: Biological and Medical Research Ethics.
http://www.cumc.columbia.edu/dept/gsas/ac_programs/bio.htm. Valid link, July 2007; last updated, n.d. Comprehensive list of resources with link. [ed.]

Harvard Pilgrim Health Care. Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Research Investigators' Handbook.
http://www.hmcnet.harvard.edu/ambulatory/handbook.html. Valid link, July 2007; last updated, n.d.
Table of Contents: Mission Statement, Covered Activities, Who Can Lead An Investigation at HPHC?, The Research Approval Process, Uses of HPHC Data That Result From Research, Inclusion of Women And Minorities, Confidentiality of Data, Conflict of Interest, Scientific Misconduct, Administrative Responsibilities, Indirect Costs, Corporate Sponsorship of Research, Contracts with Other Research Organizations, General Purpose Research/Educational Funds Policy, Standard
Information.

Michigan State University. Responsible Conduct of Research: Research Integrity and Research Ethics Resources. http://www.msu.edu/~biomed/rcr/. Valid link, February 2004; last updated, July 2007.
Comprehensive list of resources and link as well as an on-line newsletter with articles in key RCR topics. [ed.]

North Carolina State University. Research Ethics Initiative. http://www.fis.ncsu.edu/Grad/ethics/. Valid link, July 2007; last updated, n.d.
In June 1998, a faculty committee appointed by the Graduate School dean devised a plan to integrate research ethics training throughout graduate curricula. Included are web information, lectures by exemplary researchers, biennial institutes for faculty, instructional modules, a Research Ethics Fellows program and formal seminars. The Graduate School received NSF funding in 1999 to implement the program. We invite you to explore and contribute your ideas.
University of Arizona. Office of the Vice President of Research and Graduate Studies.

University of Arizona. Research Integrity Education. http://www.vpr.arizona.edu/integrity/education. Valid link, July 2007; last updated, January 7, 2004.
Contains an extensive collection of newsletters that cover a wide range of RCR topics as well as links to additional resources.

University of California, Office of Research Affairs. Compliance. http://www.ucop.edu/research/compliance/. Valid link, July 2007; last updated, n.d.
Basic compliance page providing links to policies and additional resources. [ed.]

University of Kentucky. Office of Research Integrity. Homepage. http://www.rgs.uky.edu/ori/. Valid link, last updated, February 12, 2004.
The Office of Research Integrity (ORI) provides support for six federally mandated review committees, three Medical and a Nonmedical Institutional Review Board (IRB), the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC), and the Radioactive Drug Research Committee (RDRC). ORI also supports the institution in promoting ethical conduct of research and educating UK students and employees regarding research misconduct regulations. Copies of application forms, information on policies and procedures, and UK's Statements of Assurance can be obtained from ORI.

University of Pittsburgh. Survival Skills and Ethics Program. Homepage. http://www.survival.pitt.edu/. Valid link, July 2007; last updated, 2004.
Through [its] programs, [the Survival Skills and Ethics Program] encourage[s] the development of mechanisms for assisting members of the community in developing [a broad range of skills essential for becoming a successful research].
Local activities: This effort began about 15 years ago when we started to offer occasional workshops on a few survival skills. Over the years it has evolved into a series of eight workshops offered over the fall and spring terms. Discussions of responsible conduct are integrated into the instruction, as are issues of particular relevance to minorities and women. Outreach activities: As time permits, we accept invitations to provide workshops at various institutions for students, faculty, or administrators. We also provide "trainer-of-trainers" workshops. These events focus on teaching faculty how to establish a course in survival skills and/or ethics at their institution.

C. Professional Organizations and Journals

Accountability in Research: Policies and Quality Assurance.
http://www.tandf.co.uk/journals/titles/08989621.html. Valid link, July 2007.
Publishes articles on research integrity and responsible conduct in basic and clinical research, research policy, research standards, and ethical issues relating to research conduct. [ed.]

Association for Practical and Professional Ethics. Homepage.
http://www.indiana.edu/~appe/. Valid link, July 2007.
The Association for Practical and Professional Ethics is committed to encouraging high quality interdisciplinary scholarship and teaching in practical and professional ethics by educators and practitioners who appreciate the theoretical and practical impacts of their subjects. To advance this broad purpose, the Association facilitates communication and joint ventures among organizations, centers, schools, colleges, and individuals concerned with the interdisciplinary study and teaching of practical and professional ethics, and supports efforts of colleges and universities, centers, professional associations, and local, state, and national governments that seek to foster curricular development and scholarly research on ethical issues.

Association for the Assessment and Accreditation of Laboratory Animal Care.
Homepage. http://www.aaalac.org/. Valid link, July 2007.
AAALAC is a private nonprofit organization that promotes the humane treatment of animals in science through a voluntary accreditation program. AAALAC stands for the "Association for Assessment and Accreditation of Laboratory Animal Care." More than 650 companies, universities, hospitals, government agencies and other research institutions have earned AAALAC accreditation, demonstrating their commitment to responsible animal care and use. These institutions volunteer to participate in AAALAC's program, in addition to complying with the local, state and federal laws that regulate animal research.

Association for Women in Science and Engineering. Homepage. http://www.awise.org/.
Valid link, July 2007.
Our aim is to advance the participation of girls and women in the sciences, from biomedicine to mathematics and the social sciences, in engineering, and in the technologies, in all areas and at all levels.

Association of University Technology Managers. Homepage.
http://www.autm.net/. Valid link, July 2007.
The Association of University Technology Managers is a nonprofit organization created to function as a professional and educational society for academic technology transfer professionals involved with the management of intellectual property.

National Postdoctoral Association. Homepage.
http://www.nationalpostdoc.org/about/npa_overview. Valid link, July 2007.
The National Postdoctoral Association (NPA) is a member-driven organization that provides a unique, national voice for postdoctoral scholars. We are also a collaborative organization that seeks to work with all stakeholders to improve the postdoctoral experience in the United States.

Online Ethics Center. Case Western Reserve University. Homepage.
http://onlineethics.org/. Valid link, July 2007.
Our mission is to provide engineers, scientists, and science and engineering students with resources for understanding and addressing ethically significant problems that arise in their work, and to serve those who are promoting learning and advancing the understanding of responsible research and practice in science and engineering.
[The section on "Responsible Research"] ... contains cases, discussions, guidelines, and regulations bearing on the responsible conduct of research, including both issues of research integrity and issues of the treatment of the research subject.

Public Responsibility in Medicine and Research. Homepage. http://www.primr.org/.
Valid link, July 2007.
Public Responsibility in Medicine and Research is dedicated to creating, implementing, and advancing the highest ethical standards in the conduct of research. Through conferences, educational programs, and training resources, PRIMandR addresses a broad range of issues in biomedical and behavioral research, clinical practice, ethics, and the law.

RCR Education Consortium. Homepage. http://rcr.ucsd.edu/. Valid link, February 2004.
The RCREC is a non-profit, non-governmental consortium of institutions and organizations dedicated to promoting effective teaching of the responsible conduct of research (RCR). The purpose of the RCREC Web site is to foster communication among the members of the RCREC about RCR teaching. One of the goals of the RCREC is to disseminate information that will facilitate the creation and improvement of programs of instruction in RCR. To meet this goal, the RCREC Web site is also the home for the Online Resource for RCR Instructors. The major links on the toolbar (goals, topics, formats, tools, and connections) are the components of this Online Resource.

Science and Engineering Ethics. http://www.opragen.co.uk/. Valid link, July 2007.
Science and Engineering Ethics is a multi-disciplinary quarterly journal launched in January 1995 which is dedicated to exploring ethical issues of direct concern to scientists and engineers covering professional education, research and practice as well as the effects of innovations on the wider society. An international editorial board has been appointed which represents a broad range of expertise. The journal publishes original research papers, reviews, comment pieces, letters, editorials,
book reviews and conference reports. Papers containing original research are double-blind refereed.

Society for Clinical Data Management. Homepage. http://www.scdm.org/. Valid link, July 2007.
The Society for Clinical Data Management (SCDM) is a non-profit professional society founded to advance the discipline of Clinical Data Management. The binding interest of all members is quality clinical data management practices.

D. For-profit

Health Care Compliance Strategies. Homepage. http://www.hccs.com/. Valid link, July 2007.
Health Care Compliance Strategies explains compliance rules by providing unique multimedia compliance training programs for employees at all levels. HCCS courseware is a cost-effective way to avoid the risks of fraud and abuse, and reduce the costs of employee education. Stressing quality, ethics, performance and behavior, HCCS courseware can help an organization prepare for audits, mitigate excessive fines and reduce exposure to unwanted litigation. Modules include: grants and contracts, use of animals in research, human subjects, professional relationships and data issues, conflict of interests and scientific misconduct, laboratory research and special research issues.

*links updated July 2007

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